Volcano warning schemes
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[edit] USGS Volcano-Warning Scheme for the United States
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has adopted a common system nationwide for characterizing the level of unrest and eruptive activity at volcanoes. The new volcano alert-level system is now used by the Alaska Volcano Observatory, the Cascades Volcano Observatory, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the Long Valley Observatory, and the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory.
Under the new system, the USGS ranks the level of activity at a U.S. volcano using the terms "Normal", for typical volcanic activity in a non-eruptive phase; "Advisory", for elevated unrest; "Watch", for escalating unrest or a minor eruption underway that poses limited hazards; and, "Warning", if a highly hazardous eruption is underway or imminent (Table 1). These levels reflect conditions at a volcano and the expected or ongoing hazardous volcanic phenomena. When an alert level is assigned by an observatory, accompanying text will give a fuller explanation of the observed phenomena and clarify hazard implications to affected groups.
[edit] Summary of Volcanic-Alert Levels
| NORMAL | Typical background activity of a volcano in a non-eruptive state
After a change from a higher level: Volcanic activity considered to have ceased, and volcano reverted to its normal, non-eruptive state. |
|
| ADVISORY | Elevated unrest above known background activity
After a change from a higher level: Volcanic activity has decreased significantly but continues to be closely monitored for possible renewed increase. |
|
| WATCH | Heightened/escalting unrest with increased potential for eruptive activity (timeframe variable) OR a minor eruption underway that poses limited hazards. | |
| WARNING | Highly hazardous eruption underway or imminent. | |
[edit] Aviation Color Codes
| GREEN | Volcano is in its normal "dormant" state
or, after a change from a higher level: Volcanic activity considered to have ceased, and volcano reverted to its normal, non-eruptive state. |
| YELLOW | Volcano is exhibiting signs of elevated unrest above known background levels.
or, after a change from a higher level: Volcanic activity has decreased significantly but continues to be closely monitored for possible renewed increase. |
| ORANGE | Volcano is exhibiting heightened unrest with increased likelihood of eruption,
or, Volcanic eruption underway with no or minor ash emission (specify ash-plume height if possible). |
| RED | Eruption is forecast to be imminent with significant emission of ash into the atmosphere likely.
or, Eruption is underway with significant emission of ash into the atmosphere (specify ash-plume height if possible). |
Prior to October, 2006, three parallel Volcano warning schemes were used by the United States Geological Survey and the volcano observatories for different volcano ranges in the United States. They each have a base level for dormant-quiescent states and three grades of alert.
[edit] Color-Code Conditions, Long Valley Caldera and Mono-Inyo Craters Region, California
Developed in 1997 to replace a previous 5-level system devised in 1991.
| Code | Narrative | Levels |
|---|---|---|
| Green | No immediate risk | Levels from Quiescent to Strong Unrest |
| Yellow | Watch | Intense Unrest |
| Orange | Warning | Accelerating intense unrest: eruption likely within hours to days |
| Red | Eruption in progress | Levels 1 (Minor eruption) - 4 (Massive explosive eruption) |
[edit] Level of Concern Color Codes for volcanoes in Alaska
Established during the 1989-90 eruption of Redoubt Volcano.
| Code | Narrative |
|---|---|
| Green | Volcano is in its normal "dormant" state |
| Yellow | Volcano is restless. Seismic activity is elevated. Potential for eruptive activity is increased. |
| Orange | Small ash eruption expected or confirmed. Plume(s) not likely to rise above 25,000 feet above sea level. |
| Red | Large ash eruptions expected or confirmed. Plume likely to rise above 25,000 feet above sea level. |
[edit] Warning system for Cascade Range volcanoes in Washington and Oregon
Introduced following the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens.
| Code | Narrative | Levels |
|---|---|---|
| No Alert | "Information Statements" may be issued about unusual but non-threatening events | |
| Alert Level ONE | Notice of Volcanic Unrest | Significant anomalous conditions are recognized that could be indicative of an eventual hazardous volcanic event. |
| Alert Level TWO | Volcano Advisory | Monitoring and evaluation indicate that processes are underway that have significant likelihood of culminating in hazardous volcanic activity but when the evidence does not indicate that a life- or property-threatening event is imminent. |
| Alert Level THREE | Volcano Alert | Monitoring and evaluation indicate that precursory events have escalated to the point where a volcanic event with attendant volcanologic or hydrologic hazards threatening to life and property appears imminent or is underway. |
