Voiced alveolar plosive

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IPA – number	104
IPA – text	d
IPA – image
Entity	d
X-SAMPA	d
Kirshenbaum	d
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is d, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Contents 1 Features 2 Varieties of [d] 3 Occurrence 3.1 In English 3.2 In other languages 4 See also 5 References

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Varieties of [d]

IPA	Description
d	modal d
dʱ or d̤	breathy voice or murmured d
dʲ	palatalized d
dʷ	labialized d
dˁ	pharyngialized d
d˺	unreleased d
d̥	voiceless or slack voice d
d̬	stiff voice d
d̺	apical d
d̻	laminal d
d̪	dental or denti-alveolar d
d̟ or d̪͆	interdental d
d̠	postalveolar d

[edit] Occurrence

[edit] In English

In English, the voiced alveolar plosive is represented by the letter 'd' in dog and bombed. However, in modern English, the letter 'd' does not always denote [d]: in the past participle of verbs ending in a voiceless consonant (e.g., washed), "d" denotes an unvoiced [t]. Also, in some dialects the sequence /dr/, such as in the word drop, is realized as something close to an affricate, that sounds quite similar to [ʤɹ]. Indeed, some linguists transcribe it as [dzɹ], [ʤɹ], or [dʑɹ] ^[1]. Phonetically, English /d/ is somewhat (although not completely) devoiced and may be represented with a diacritic: [d̥].

[edit] In other languages

• Czech: do [do], "into"
• French: de [də], "of"
• Georgian: კუდი [ˈkudi], "tail"
• German: Dach [dax], "roof"
• Greek: ντροπή [dro̞ˈpi], "shame"
• Italian: dove [ˈdoːve], "where"
• Japanese: 男性的 (danseiteki) [danseːteki], "masculine"
• Turkish: dal [dal], "branch"

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

1. ^ Canepari, Luciano, 2005. "English." A Handbook of Pronunciation. Page 61.

1. I. Maddieson, 1984. "Patterns of sound". Camebridge University Press

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  β̞ ʋ ð̞ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Other laterals  ɺ ɫ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Co-articulated approximants ʍ w ɥ Flaps & Taps ѵ̟ ѵ ɾ ɽ • Co-articulated fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Affricates  ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.