Vladimir Gotovac
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| Vladimir Gotovac | |
|---|---|
| Born | September 18, 1930 Imotski, Croatia |
| Died | December 7, 2000 Zagreb, Croatia |
| Occupation | Writer, Political Activist |
Vladimir Gotovac (b. September 18, 1930 in Imotski, Dalmatia, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, d. December 7, 2000) was a Croatian poet and liberal politician.
Vladimir Gotovac was known as a very talented poet but was also stigmatized as a Croatian nationalist during the Communist regime in socialist Yugoslavia. In many of his interviews Gotovac expressed the frustration of not having the types of freedom afforded those living under more democratic regimes.
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[edit] Early activism
In the late 1960s, Croatia experienced a movement demanding political and economic reform, which eventually led to the Croatian Spring in the early 1970s, and Gotovac joined the nationalist movement. Just like the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, the Croatian Spring was also violently quashed, making Croatia known as the “the silent republic”, alluding to the Yugoslav government’s tremendous skill in suppressing any opposition or criticism.
Before being arrested in 1971 Gotovac became the editor-in-chief of Hrvatski Tjednik ("The Croatian Weekly"), which historian Marcus Tanner explains,
- “was a real phenomenon – a mass-circulation newspaper with an enormous audience that went way beyond the confines of the Communist Party and made a national reputation.”[1]
[edit] Imprisonment
Growing up in Tito’s Yugoslavia, Gotovac, like many intellectuals living under totalitarian regimes, was harassed and eventually arrested in 1971 and sentenced to four years in prison, based on charges of being a “separatist” and “nationalist”.[2] In an interview with Swedish television in 1978 he reflected rather dejectedly about his experience:
- “No basis was found in my actions or in my activities, but, rather, like in all such processes, criminal actions were assumed and corroborated, not only in my case, but in the cases of a whole group of others whom I know.”[3]
The one most important for him was freedom of speech. As an eminent writer in Croatia he not only experienced tremendous difficulty publishing his ideas, but was also denied the right, as a public figure, to criticise. Despite the prevalent western view that Yugoslavia, not under Soviet domination, was becoming a liberal and open society, Gotovac’s experiences show the contrary. With or without the Soviets Yugoslavia’s regime was no less harsh.[citation needed]
Despite the hardship Gotovac endured, he continued to write in prison, with his most famous piece being his diary, Zvjezdana Kuga ("Starry Plague"), published some twenty years after his release in 1978. And whilst he spent his pre-prison years working as a journalist and editor for TV Zagreb, as well as writing literary pieces, after prison he gradually moved into politics, even though as a writer and journalist he had always been political.
[edit] Life after release
In an interview for a Swedish television channel in 1978 he was asked to elaborate upon his own philosophical beliefs, and he said:
- "My entire life I’ve dreamt of a socially just society and exactly for this reason I’ve always been left-oriented. I believed only when justice and freedom existed could human problems be solved. I always believed that only through the solution of these problems could human values be realized. A free individual, an individual who lives justly, only this individual can offer all which the human being has to offer, all of his greatness and all of his human dignity."[4]
His experience in Croatia, dominated by communism, did not manage to pervert or shatter his own view of socialism; rather he felt that the sort of socialism he believed in had nothing whatsoever to do with communism, an ideology that he viewed as nothing more than centralist totalitarianism, of which its followers, he said,
- “are incapable of thinking freely. They do not know what freedom is!”[5]
Gotovac believed liberty could only thrive if embraced by a pluralist society, which guaranteed people’s legal and political rights.
In 1989, Gotovac joined the newly-formed Croatian Social Liberal Party. Due to his passionate eloquence he became one of its most prominent members. As such, he worked very hard to find proper balance between Croatian nationalism and liberalism.
The most important event of Gotovac's life happened in the northern summer of 1991 in Sabor during the protest rally held in front of Yugoslav People's Army headquarters. Gotovac held passionate and defiant speech answering the generals who at the time made all kinds of threats against Croatia.
[edit] Political career
Gotovac entered Sabor in 1992 where his passion and eloquence made him into one of the most popular and charismatic Croatian politicians. His harsh criticism of Franjo Tuđman and his authoritarian policies made him into one of the rallying figure of Croatian opposition.
In mid-1990s Gotovac replaced Dražen Budiša at the leadership of Croatian Social Liberal Party ("HSLS"). His tenure was brief but it also revealed his lack of political talent. During the Zagreb Crisis he allowed himself to be manipulated into embarrassing negotiations with the Croatian Democratic Union, which harmed the reputation of party and its unity.
In 1996 he was chosen as president of the HSLS, where he told his audience: “Do not fear, this is our country and we have the right to rule it as we like!”[6] In that same year he ran as a presidential candidate, but was assaulted during the campaign. He did not win the presidency instead it was claimed by Franjo Tuđman, a fellow former dissident. But Tuđman’s victory was disputed by Gotovac, who accused him of manipulating the results. As president, Tuđman did not undertake the sort of reforms hoped for by Gotovac and others, rather he became autocratic, suppressing the media if it dared to criticize him or his system, as well as limiting the civil and political rights of Croatian citizens. The following year Gotovac split from the HSLS to form the Liberal Party.
Vlado Gotovac participated in a region wide movement of writers becoming politicians, for this occurrence took place in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia too, with Vaclav Havel being one of the most famous writers turned statesman. It is an interesting question to ask why so many Eastern European countries voted writers and intellectuals into power. Perhaps because these were the people who acted as popular voices for their nations, who helped bring about the collapse of communism, and thus a different kind of respect was given to them. And when they did come to power they did not immediately orient themselves towards a Western style democracy, because, like Gotovac, many of them still believed in some form of Socialism – at least immediately after the collapse of communism. Yet, gradually some of these former socialists changed their beliefs, like Gotovac who ended up forming the Liberal Party; and many other intellectuals who took part in the Croatian Spring or other dissident activities later became politicians too.
Gotovac tried to overcome that by running as a candidate of Croatian centrist and liberal opposition on 1997 presidential election. During the campaign rally in Pula he was assaulted and injured by a Croatian Army officer, later revealed to be member of elite security unit guarding Franjo Tuđman. The incident, however, didn't have much impact on the campaign nor Gotovac showed any ability to use it to his political advantage. While his rhetoric attracted urban and more educated voters, he lacked Tuđman's charisma and populist skills of SDP candidate Zdravko Tomac. He finished third in the race.
This led to the formal split in HSLS. Dražen Budiša, advocating more populist rhetoric and future coalition with HDZ, regained the party leadership. Gotovac, who advocated HSLS remaining true to liberal principles, left HSLS and formed new Liberal Party. This party failed to attract majority of HSLS membership and its voters.
Ironically, Budiša, instead of aligning with HDZ, made coalition with SDP instead in 1998. LS was left out of it and LS entered Sabor in 2000 only by joining the bloc of centrist parties led by Croatian Peasant Party.
On December 7, 2000 Gotovac died in Rome, aged 70, from complications caused by hepatitis, too week to receive a liver transplant.
In his lifetime he experienced the Second World War, Tito’s Communist dictatorship, the collapse of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, and more poignantly, the emergence of Croatia as an independent, democratic nation. Gotovac was born in the midst of global turmoil, but by the end of his life did he manage to see Croatia begin to reorient itself more towards the sort of society he had tried to promote.
