Victory Aircraft

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Victory Aircraft Limited was a Canadian manufacturing company that, during the Second World War, built mainly British-designed aircraft under license. It acted as a shadow factory, safe from the reach of German bombers.

Initially the major wartime contract to manufacture Avro Lancaster heavy bombers was to go to the National Steel & Car Corporation, headquartered in Montreal, utilizing the Malton, Ontario factory (near today's Toronto Pearson International Airport). National Steel & Car was already producing Westland Lysander aircraft and involved as a subcontractor in the manufacture of Hurricane fighters, Anson trainers and Hampden bombers. Questions arising as to the company's abililty to manage the project led to the Government's expropriation of the plant on 4 November 1942 and the setting up of the Crown Corporation, Victory Aircraft Limited , incorporated under the Department of Munitions and Supply Act, 1940 c.31. J.P. Bickell, one of C.D. Howe's "dollar-a-year" men headed Victory Aircraft Ltd. as president and chairman of the board.

Contents 1 Wartime production 2 Avro Lancaster X 3 End of Victory Aircraft 4 References

[edit] Wartime production

Although originally designated to produce the Martin B-26 Marauder, the Malton plant received a contract on 18 September 1941 to build the Avro Lancaster X bomber. When the first drawings arrived in January 1942, the complexity of the project seemed daunting. Some 500,000 manufacturing operations were involved in manufacturing over 55,000 separate components that went into a Lancaster (excluding engines and turrets and small items such as rivets, nuts and bolts).

[edit] Avro Lancaster X

A Lancaster (R-5727) from Avro Aircraft (UK) was flown across the Atlantic in August 1942, to act as a "pattern" aircraft for production. Differences between the British Lancasters and the Canadian built versions (known as the Mk X) revolved around engines, instruments and radio equipment manufactured in Canada or the United States. The Rolls-Royce Merlin engines were the same design, but manufactured by Packard in the United States, and a later series Lancaster Mk X replaced the original Frasier-Nash mid-upper turret with a US-made Martin turret. All major sub-assemblies of the Canadian Lancasters were interchangeable with the British versions so that in the event of damage, spare parts were immediately at hand.

Initially, all components were built at Malton except for the bomb doors, flaps, ailerons and elevators produced by Ottawa Car & Aircraft Ltd. Later, more of the parts were subcontracted out with Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd. of Toronto constructing the fuel tanks, tailplane, fins and rudders while the outer wings were subcontracted to the Fleet Aircraft Limited plant in Fort Erie, Ontario.

From the first blueprint to the first test flight took only sixteen months, an impressive accomplishment, not lost on Avro (UK) management. The Malton work force climbed from 3,300 (1942) to 9,521 in 1944, most of them initially unskilled workers and about a quarter of them women. Almost exactly a year to the day from when the "pattern" aircraft was flown to Canada, the Canadian prototype, (serial number KB-700), rolled off the Victory Aircraft assembly line on 1 August 1943. Named the "Ruhr Express," much publicity was made of its christening, first flight and its departure (albeit delayed as the prototype was wheeled out missing some of its essential gear and was barely able to fly) to England. Neverthess, the Avro Lancaster setting off for war was an occasion for which the country could be proud.

Eventually, Lancaster production at Victory Aircraft Ltd. reached the impressive mark of one aircraft per day. After being ferried to England and sent to operational squadrons, the Canadian "Lancs" were assigned to No. 6 Group RAF, the RCAF component of RAF Bomber Command, to complete this "all-Canadian" contribution to the war effort. The Malton plant went on to build a total of 3,634 Avro aircraft comprising of 3,197 Ansons, 430 Mk X Lancasters, six Lancastrian transports (converted from Avro Lancasters) one Mk 15 Lincoln heavy bomber and a single York transport, built by war's end.

[edit] End of Victory Aircraft

Victory Aircraft ceased operations on 11 November 1945. In 1945, the Canadian government sold Victory Aircraft to Hawker Siddeley Group who used it for their subsidiary A.V. Roe Canada Ltd (known as Avro Canada).

[edit] References

• Eggleston, Wilfrid. Canada at Work. Ottawa: Canada at Work Publlishers, 1953.
• Floyd, Jim, The Avro Canada C102 Jetliner. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 1986. ISBN 0-919783-66-X. (Includes an extensive background on Victory Aircraft)
• Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1979. ISBN 0-07-082778-8.
• Stewart, Greig. Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow. Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1991. ISBN 0-07-551119-3.
• Victory Aircraft-Avro Canada
• The Ruhr Express By Michael Martchenko at The Ruhr Express

Product list and details (date information from Victory)

Aircraft	Description	Seats	Launch date	1st flight	1st delivery	Number produced	Scheduled to cease production
Avro Anson	Twin-engined bomber/trainer	Crew of two		1936		3197	1945
Avro Lancaster Mk X	Four-engined heavy bomber	Crew of seven	1941	1943	1945	430	1945
Avro Lancastrian	Four-engined transport	Crew of five, nine passengers		1943		Six	1945
Avro Lincoln	Four-engined heavy bomber	Crew of seven	1944	1944	1945	One	1945
Avro York	Four-engined transport	Crew of two, 24 passengers		1942	1945	One	1945