Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

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Victor Amadeus II, Italian Vittorio Amedeo II (May 14, 1666 - October 31, 1732) was the Duke of Savoy (1675-1730). His mother Marie Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie-Nemours was the regent from 1675 to 1684. He first became king of Sicily (1713-1718), but he was forced to exchange this title and instead became king of Sardinia (1720-1730).

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Internal reforms 1.2 Foreign policy 1.3 The Vaudois 2 Issue

[edit] Biography

Victor Amadeus was born in Turin to Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and his second wife Marie Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie-Nemours.

[edit] Internal reforms

Victor Amadeus II undertook sweeping administrative reforms within Savoy-Piedmont. In 1696 he established a system of intendents, based on the French model, responsible for collecting taxes and law enforcement. In 1697 he began a land survey which was largely completed by 1711, the Perequazione, to examine the land holdings and privileges of the Church and nobility. In 1717 he reformed the secretariat system in Turin establishing individual secretaries for war, internal affairs and foreign affairs. From the 1670s he also had a new administrative zone built in Turin, around the ducal palace. This zone included a military academy, the ministry of war, a mint, and a customs house. This work was still ongoing upon his death.

Victor Amadeus also undertook a number of military reforms. In 1690 he established a select militia within his territories, he later overhauled the militia system in 1714 and strictly codified it. From 1713 he also began to establish his own navy based on the limited Sicilian naval forces he had been granted.

[edit] Foreign policy

Under his mother's regency Savoy, despite being a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was closely linked to and heavily dependent upon France, essentially becoming a French satellite. Victor Amadeus II broke this link with France by joining alliances against Savoy's neighbour in both the Nine Years War and the War of the Spanish Succession.

Savoy was considered a valuable ally in both wars due to its geographical position, enabling a second front to be opened against France in the south. Savoy relied heavily on foreign subsidies particularly from England and the Dutch Republic in both wars to maintain its armies. During the War of the Spanish Succession foreign subsidies amounted for almost half of the revenue raised by Savoy to fight the war. In the War of the Spanish Succession Savoy faired particularly badly against the larger French forces resulting in a siege of Turin in 1706 which was only relieved by the intervention of an army of the Holy Roman Empire under Prince Eugene of Savoy.

As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus II was made King of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. Victor Amadeus was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia in 1720 after objections from an alliance of four nations, including several of his former allies.

[edit] The Vaudois

Victor Amadeus II began a large scale persecution of the Vaudois (Piedmontese and Savoyard Protestants) in 1685. Due to his alliances with England and the Dutch Republic during the Nine Years War he was forced to cease this practice from 1688 and in 1694 granted an Edict of Toleration.

[edit] Issue

Children of Victor Amadeus II by:

1. Anne Marie of Orléans (b. August 27, 1669- d. August 26, 1728) daughter of Philippe I of Orléans and his first wife Henriette Anne Stuart.

1. Marie Adelaide (b.1685-d.1712), married Louis, duc de Bourgogne and was the mother of Louis XV of France

2. Marie Anne (b.1687-d.1690)

3. Marie Louise (b.1688-d.1714), first wife of Philip V of Spain

4. Victor Amadeus (b.1699-d.1715), prince of Piedmont

5. Carlo Emanuele III (b.1701-d.1773)

6. Emanuele Philibert (1705) Duke of Chablais,

2. Anna Teresa Canalis di Cumiana (b.1679-d.1769) (morganatic).

3. Jeanne Baptiste d'Albret de Luynes, his mistress (b.1670-d.1736)

1. Vittorio Francesco di Savoie, Marchese di Susa. (b.1694-d.1762), his mistress Donna Lucretia de Castro dei Duchi di Taurisano., with issue.

1.1. Donna Caterina di Savoie, (b.1713-d.1779), married Conte Giorgio Magro.

2. Donna Maria Vittoria di Savoie, Marchesa di Susa. (b.1690-d.1766)

Preceded by Charles Emmanuel II	Duke of Savoy 1675-1730	Succeeded by Charles Emmanuel III
Preceded by Emperor Charles VI	King of Sardinia 1720-1730
Preceded by Philip V	King of Sicily 1713-1720	Succeeded by Charles VI