Vicar general

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A vicar general (often abbreviated VG) is the principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority. As vicar of the bishop, the vicar general exercises the bishop's ordinary executive power over the entire diocese. The title normally occurs only in Western Christian churches, such as the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. The title for the equivalent officer in the Eastern churches is protosyncellus.

[edit] Catholic dioceses

A diocesan bishop must appoint at least one vicar general for his diocese, but may appoint more – larger archdioceses routinely have two or even three. The vicar general by virtue of office is the bishop's agent in administrative matters, acting as a sort of second-in-command for diocesen executive matters (a priest in a separate office, the judicial vicar, serves a similar role with regard to the exercise of ordinary judicial power of governance in the diocese which is normally exercised in ecclesiastical courts.) Vicars general must be priests, auxiliary bishops, or coadjutor bishops – according to Canon 406 of the Code of Canon Law, if a coadjutor bishop exists for a diocese, the diocesan bishop is to appoint him vicar general. Other auxiliary bishops are appointed vicars general or at least episcopal vicars.

The similarly titled episcopal vicar shares in the bishop's ordinary executive power like the vicar general, except for the fact that the the episcopal vicars' authority normally extends over only a particular geographic section of a diocese or over certain specific matters, such as affairs of religious orders or the faithful of a different rite. These too must be priests or auxiliary bishop(s). The equivalent officer in the Eastern Churches is called the syncellus.

Priests appointed as vicars general or episcopal vicars are freely appointed or removed by the diocesan bishop, and must be appointed for a fixed duration. They lose their office when the term expires, or when the episcopal see falls vacant (Canon 481). Auxiliary bishops may also be removed from the office of vicar general, but must at least be appointed episcopal vicar. An auxiliary bishop who is an episcopal vicar, or a coadjutor bishop who is vicar general, may only be removed from office for a grave reason (Canon 193). Likewise, while they lose their vicar general or episcopal vicar office sede vacante, they retain the powers of the office until the succeeding bishop takes over the diocese (Canon 409). A coadjutor bishop has right of succession as coadjutor, so if the see falls vacant he becomes the diocesan bishop immediately.

(These offices should not be confused with the vicar forane or "dean", as such vicars do not have ordinary executive power.)

The appointment of a vicar general is also a useful tool for a diocesan bishop who has additional functions attached to his episcopate. The most notable example is what occurs in the diocese of Rome. The Pope is the diocesan bishop of Rome, but since he must spend most of his time governing the Latin rite church and the global Catholic Church, his vicar general functions as the de facto bishop of the diocese.^[1] The Vicar General of Rome also serves the same role for the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia, the traditional see of the Dean of the College of Cardinals, since it was merged with the diocese of Rome. The Vicar General of Rome, who is normally a cardinal, known as the Cardinal Vicar, is one of the few church officials in Rome to remain in office sede vacante.^[2] The current Vicar General of Rome is Cardinal Camillo Ruini.

A similar example is found in the United States, where the archbishop of New York functioned also as ordinary of the military services from World War I until the 1980s: in addition to being responsible for the archdiocese of New York, that same archbishop was also responsible for the Military Ordinariate, which had the status of an apostolic vicariate, and functioned as the equivalent of a diocese defined by quality (that is, all Catholic members of the U.S. military and their dependents) rather than by geography. The archbishop had two separate administrations, therefore, and two sets of vicars general to manage each. This arrangement ended with the establishment of the wholly separate Archdiocese of the Military Services.