Vedic accent

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The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit, or Vedic accent for brevity, is traditionally divided by Sanskrit grammarians into three qualities, udātta "raised" (acute accent, high pitch), anudātta "not raised" (grave accent, low pitch) and svarita "sounded" (circumflex, falling pitch). In Devanagari editions of the Rigveda samhita, svarita is marked with a small upright stroke above a syllable, and anudātta with a horizontal line below the syllable, and udātta is unmarked.

Udātta marks the place of the inherited PIE accent. In transliteration, therefore, udātta is usually marked with an acute accent, and anudātta and svarita are unmarked since their positions follow automatically from the position of udātta. For example, in the first pada of the Rigveda, the transliteration

agním īḻe puróhitaṃ

"Agni I praise, the high priest."

means that the eight syllables have an intonation of

A-U-S-A-A-U-S-A (where A=anudātta, U=udātta, S=svarita),

or iconically,

_¯\__¯\_

īḻe is a finite verb and thus has no udātta, but its first syllable is svarita because the previous syllable is udātta.
Vedic meter is independent of Vedic accent and exclusively determined by syllable weight, so that metrically, the pada reads as

-.--.-.x (viz., the second half-pada is iambic).

In some cases an accented syllable disappeared due to linguistic changes in oral transmission of the samhita before it was written down, so that a svarita may be next after an anudātta: this is a so-called "independent svarita". In such cases, the svarita syllable is marked in transcription with a grave accent.

For example in RV 1.10.8c,

jéṣaḥ súvarvatīr apá

U-S-U-S-A-A-A-U

¯\¯\___¯

became

jéṣaḥ svàrvatīr apá

U-S-S-A-A-A-S

¯\\___¯

Independent svarita is caused by sandhi of adjacent vowels. There are four variants of it:-

jātya (= "innate") (due to changes within a word, as in kvà for kúa, as in the example above (u becomes v before a vowel)
kṣaipra (= "caused by quickness") (u becoming v or i becoming y where two words meet, as in vy-ā̂pta for ví-āpta) (i becomes y before a vowel)
praśliṣṭa (= "coalescence") (vowel contraction where two words meet, as in divī̂va for diví-iva)
abhinihita (= "close contact") (prodelision with avagraha where two words meet, as in té-'bruvan for té-abruvan).