Variable Cycle Engine

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In a Variable Cycle Engine (VCE) the engine cycle is deliberately modified from that which would occur under normal circumstances.

The next generation of Supersonic transport (SST) will require some form of VCE. SST engines require a high specific thrust (net thrust/airflow) at supersonic cruise to keep the cross-sectional area of the powerplant to a minimum, to reduce aircraft drag. Unfortunately, this implies a high jet velocity not only at supersonic cruise, but a Take-off, which makes the aircraft noisy.

A high specific thrust engine has a high jet velocity by definition, as the following approximate equation for net thrust implies:

F_n = m \cdot (V_{jfe} - V_a)

where:

m = \,intake mass flow

V_{jfe} =\, fully expanded jet velocity (in the exhaust plume)

V_a =\, aircraft flight velocity

Rearranging the above equation, specific thrust is given by:

\frac{F_n}{m} = (V_{jfe} - V_a)

So for zero flight velocity, specific thrust is directly proportional to jet velocity.

The Olympus 593 engines in Concorde had a high specific thrust in supersonic cruise and at dry Take-off power. This alone would have made the engines noisy, but the problem was compounded by the need for a modest amount of afterburning (or reheat) at Take-off (and Transonic Acceleration). An SST VCE would have to increase the engine airflow substantially at Take-off, to reduce the jet velocity at a given thrust (i.e.a lower specific thrust)

One SST VCE concept that could achieve this is the Tandem Fan Engine. The engine has two fans, both mounted on the low-pressure shaft, with a significant axial gap between the units. In normal flight, the engine is in the Series Mode, with the flow leaving the front fan passing directly into the second fan, the engine behaving much like a normal turbofan. However, for Take-off, Climb-out, Final-descent and Approach, the front fan is allowed to discharge directly through an auxiliary nozzle on the underside of the powerplant nacelle. Auxiliary intakes are opened on each side of the powerplant, allowing air to enter the rear fan and progress through the rest of the engine. Operating the fans in this Parallel Mode, substantially increases the total airflow of the engine at a thrust, resulting in a lower jet velocity and a quieter engine. Back in the 70's, Boeing modified a P&W JT8D to a Tandem Fan configuration and successfully demonstrated the switch from Series to Parallel operation (and vice-versa) with the engine running, albeit at part power.

Another application that could benefit from the VCE approach is combat aircraft. Designers normally have to make a compromise on specific thrust of the engine. If they choose a high specific thrust, the reheat specific fuel consumption (SFC) will be very good, but the dry SFC poor. A high specific thrust implies a high fan pressure ratio, which infers a high nozzle temperature in dry power. Consequently the thrust boost in reheat is relatively low. By definition, both the dry and reheat thrust levels are good.

The opposite is true for a low specific thrust engine- i.e. poor reheat SFC, good dry and throttled SFC, good reheat thrust boost and, by definition, low dry and reheated thrust.

A high specific thrust engine would favour an aircraft requiring good duration in reheated combat, but it would be penalised on the range available in dry power.

On the other hand, a low specific thrust engine, would favour an aircraft with the need for long range in dry power, but compromise the time spent in reheated combat.

Thus engine designers often have to make a compromise on engine specific thrust.

However, the ideal Combat VCE would have the high reheat thrust/good reheat SFC associated with a high specific thrust engine, but would have the low SFC of a low specific thrust engine in dry power and throttled back. Devising such an engine is difficult. However, General Electric did develop a Variable Cycle Engine, known as the GE37 or YF120, for the YF22/YF23 fighter aircraft competition, back in the late 80's. GE used a Double Bypass/Hybrid Fan arrangement, but to date has never disclosed precisely how they exploited the concept. Although the YF120 was a good (possibly better) engine in the fly-off, the USAF erred on the side of caution and selected the more conventional Pratt & Whitney F119 as the powerplant for the production F22.

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