Universal Decimal Classification

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The Universal Decimal Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri la Fontaine at the end of the 19th century. It is based on the Dewey Decimal Classification, but is much more powerful. It uses auxiliary signs to indicate various special aspects of a subject and relationships between subjects. It thus contains a significant faceted or analytico-synthetic element, and is used especially in specialist libraries. UDC has been modified and extended over many years to cope with the increasing output in all disciplines of human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments.

The documents classified by UDC may be in any form. They will often be literature, i.e. written documents, but may also be in other media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps, and realia such as museum pieces.

UDC classifications use Hindu-Arabic numerals and are based on the decimal system. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted, which determines filing order. For ease of reading, a UDC identifier is usually punctuated after every third digit. Thus, after 61 "Medical sciences" come the subdivisions 611 to 619; under 611 "Anatomy" come its subdivisions 611.1 to 611.9; under 611.1 come all of its subdivisions before 611.2 occurs, and so on; after 619 comes 62. An advantage of this system is that it is infinitely extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of numbers.

The main categories:

0 Generalities. Informatics and Information Sciences
1 Philosophy. Psychology
2 Religion. Theology
3 Social Sciences. Statistics. Politics. Government. Economics. Law. Administration. Military. Folklore
4 Unassigned
5 Natural Sciences. Mathematics
6 Applied Sciences. Medicine. Technology
7 The Arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Music. Sports
8 Languages. Linguistics. Literature
91 Geography
92 (Auto-) Biography
93/99 History. Archeology

A document may be classified under a combination of different categories through the use of additional symbols. For example:

+	plus	Addition	e.g. 59+636 Zoology and animal breeding
/	stroke	Extension	e.g. 592/599 Systematic zoology (everything from 592 to 599 inclusive)
:	colon	Relation	e.g. 17:7 Relation of ethics to art
[]	square brackets	Algebraic subgrouping	e.g. 31:[622+669](485) statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden (the auxiliary qualifies 622+669 considered as a unit)
=	equals	Language	e.g. =20 in English; 59=20 Zoology, in English

The design of UDC lends itself to machine readability, and the system has been used both with early automatic mechanical sorting devices, and modern library OPACs, where its relational notation scheme allows for somewhat more sophisticated queries when compared to other classifications. A core version of UDC, with 65,000 subdivisions, is now available in database format, and is called the Master Reference File (MRF). The current full version of the UDC has 220,000 subdivisions.