Unity Temple
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Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois, and the home of the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation. It was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and built between 1905 and 1908. Unity Temple is considered to be one of Wright's most important structures dating from the first decade of the twentieth century. It is located at 875 Lake Street, Oak Park Illinois. (Despite the potentially confusing name, Unity Temple has no connection with the Unity Church.)
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[edit] Background
In 1905, after the original Unity Church burned down, the Unitarian congregation of Oak Park, Illinois turned to architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design them a new structure. The result was Unity Temple. Wright was not only living in Oak Park, but was himself a Unitarian; it is important to note that Frank Lloyd Wright's great-great-grandfather, Jenkin Jones founded the Unitarian sect in 1726, so the choice seemed to be a good fit. The congregation needed a space of worship, as well as a community room. There were several immediate problems that the architect had to work with in order to satisfy the client. The budget for the Unitarian congregation was rather small for its needs: $40,000 US dollars; and the proposed building site was long, but not very wide. Additionally, the building site stood on a busy street. And finally, the architect was expected to design not only the structure, but furniture and stained glass for the building.
[edit] Design and construction
To accommodate the needs of the congregation, Wright divided the community space from the temple space through a low, middle loggia that could be approached from either side. This was an efficient use of space and kept down on noise between the two main gathering areas: those coming for religious services would be separated via the loggia from those coming for community events. This design was one of Wright's first uses of a bipartite design: with two portions of the building similar in composition and separated by a lower passageway, and one section being larger than the other. The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is another bipartite design.
To reduce construction costs, Wright chose steel-reinforced concrete as the main building material for Unity Temple. In fact, Unity Temple is thought to be the first building in the world built from reinforced concrete poured on the site; that is, wooden forms were built on site, and concrete was poured into them in order to create the walls. This greatly reduced the cost of shipping materials. The outer walls of Unity Temple show the layers of poured concrete, and this was an effect that the architect seems to have encouraged.
To reduce noise from the street, Wright eliminated street level windows in the temple. Instead, natural light comes from stained glass windows in the roof, or clerestories along the upper walls. Because the members of the parish would not be able to look outside, Unity Temple's stained glass was designed with green, yellow, and brown tones in order to evoke the colors of nature. The main floor of the temple is accessed via a lower floor (which has seating space), and the room also has two balconies for the seating of the congregation. These varying seating levels allowed the architect to design a building to fit the size of the congregation, but efficiently: no one person in the congregation is more than 40 feet from the pulpit. Wright also designed the building with very good acoustics.
The design of Unity Temple represents a leap forward in design for Wright. In recounting his experiences with Unity Temple, he stated that this design was the first time he ever realized that the real heart of a building is its space, not its walls. Indeed, architectural historians have commented on Wright's genius in creating and manipulating space in his designs; in his book The Master Builders, Peter Blake entitled the section on Wright "The Mastery of Space."
The building was completed in 1908. The original Unitarian congregation [1]still owns and uses Unity Temple, although another organization [2]is in charge of restoring it. They are currently undertaking a $15 million restoration effort and hope to complete restoration by 2008, the 100th anniversary of the building's completion.
The building is a United States National Historic Landmark and was chosen in a 1991 poll in the magazine, Architectural Record as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States of the previous 100 years (Unity Temple was #6). Additionally, Unity Temple was chosen by the American Institute of Architects as one of 17 buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright [3] that should be retained as his architectural contribution to American culture.
[edit] References
- Peter Blake, The Master Builders: Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: Norton, 1960. Reprint, 1976.
- Neil Levine, The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
[edit] External links
- Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation is the congregation that still owns and uses the building.
- Unity Temple Restoration Foundation works with the Unity Temple Unitarian Congregation to restore Unity Temple, and also runs tours of the building.
- Unitarian Universalist Association is the website explaining what Unitarian Universalism is, and where to find congregations throughout the world.
- Wright on the Web: A Virtual Look at the Works of Frank Lloyd Wright is an independent website dedicated to the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, and has a page highlighting the seventeen buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright that were chosen by the American Institute of Architects as examples of his contribution to American culture.
- Historic American Buildings Survey gallery of photos and drawings
- Great building online: Unity Temple
