United States Colored Troops
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The United States Colored Troops (USCT) were regiments of the United States Army during the American Civil War that were composed of African-American soldiers. The men of the USCT were the forerunners of the famous Buffalo Soldiers.
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[edit] History
The United States War Department issued General Order Number 143 on May 22, 1863, establishing a "Bureau of Colored Troops" to facilitate the recruitment of African-American soldiers to fight for the Union Army.
Regiments, including infantry, cavalry, light artillery, and heavy artillery units, were recruited from all states of the Union and became known as the United States Colored Troops (USCT). Approximately 175 regiments comprised of over 178,000 free blacks and freed slaves served during the last two years of the war, and bolstered the Union war effort at a critical time. By war's end, the USCT comprised approximately a tenth of all Union troops. There were 1,715 USCT combat casualties during the war.
USCT regiments were led by white officers and rank advancement was limited for black soldiers. For a time, black soldiers received less pay than their white counterparts. Famous members of USCT regiments were Martin Robinson Delany, and the sons of Frederick Douglass. Soldiers who fought in the Army of the James were eligible for the Butler Medal, commissioned by that army's commander, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler.
[edit] Notable actions
USCT regiments fought in all theaters of the war, but mainly served as garrison troops in rear areas. The most famous USCT action took place at the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg, where regiments of USCT troops suffered heavy casualties attempting to break through Confederate lines. Other notable engagements include Battery Wagner and the Battle of Nashville. USCT soldiers often became victims of battlefield atrocities, most notably at Fort Pillow. The prisoner exchange cartel broke down over the Confederacy's position on black prisoners of war. Confederate law stated that blacks captured in uniform be tried as slave insurrectionists in civil courts—a capital offense. Although this rarely, if ever, happened, it became a stumbling block for prisoner exchange. USCT soldiers were among the first Union forces to enter Richmond, Virginia, after its fall in April 1865. The 41st USCT regiment was present at the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox. Following the war, USCT regiments served as occupation troops in former Confederate states.
[edit] Awards
Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions with the 4th USCT in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm in Virginia. Fleetwood took up the regimental colors after 11 other USCT soldiers had been shot down while carrying them forward. Many USCT soldiers won some of the nation's highest awards.
[edit] Postbellum and legacy
After the war many of the USCT veterans struggled for recognition and had difficulty obtaining the pensions due them. The Federal government did not address the inequality until 1890 and many of the veterans did not receive service and disability pensions until the early 1900s. The history of the USCT's wartime contribution was kept alive within the black community by historians such as W.E.B. Dubois and the subject enjoys a recent surge in literature.
The motion picture Glory, starring Denzel Washington and Morgan Freeman, depicted actions of the African-American soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment during the assault on Battery Wagner on July 18, 1863.
A national celebration in commemoration of the service of the United States Colored Troops was held in September 1996. A national museum is located in the Historic U street Corridor in Washington, D.C., at 1200 U Street, NW. The African American Civil War Memorial, featuring Spirit of Freedom by sculptor by Ed Hamilton, is located at the corner of Vermont Avenue and U Street, NW.
[edit] Numbers of "Colored Troops" by state, North and South
| Number | Number | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | 1,764 | Alabama | 4,969 |
| Colorado Territory | 95 | Arkansas | 5,526 |
| Delaware | 954 | Florida | 1,044 |
| District of Columbia | 3,269 | Georgia | 3,486 |
| Illinois | 1,811 | Louisiana | 24,502 |
| Indiana | 1,597 | Mississippi | 17,869 |
| Iowa | 440 | North Carolina | 5,035 |
| Kansas | 2,080 | South Carolina | 5,462 |
| Kentucky | 23,703 | Tennessee | 20,133 |
| Maine | 104 | Texas | 47 |
| Maryland | 8,718 | Virginia | 5,723 |
| Massachusetts | 3,966 | ||
| Michigan | 1,387 | Total South | 93,796 |
| Minnesota | 104 | ||
| Missouri | 8,344 | At large | 733 |
| New Hampshire | 125 | Not accounted for | 5,083 |
| New Jersey | 1,185 | ||
| New York | 4,125 | ||
| Ohio | 5,092 | ||
| Pennsylvania | 8,612 | ||
| Rhode Island | 1,837 | ||
| Vermont | 120 | ||
| West Virginia | 196 | ||
| Wisconsin | 155 | ||
| Total North | 79,283 | ||
| Total | 178,895 |
[edit] See also
- Fort Pocahontas
- 92nd Infantry Division
- U.S. 93rd Infantry Division
- U.S. 366th Infantry Regiment
- Tuskegee Airmen
- 761st Tank Battalion (aka Black panthers)
- Abraham Lincoln Brigade
[edit] External links
- African Americans in the U.S. Army
- Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Black Soldiers
- 1863 Picture and News Report on the First Colored Regiment in the US
- African American Civil War Memorial and Museum
- 5th United States Colored Infantry [1]
