United States Ambassador to Yemen

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Thomas C. Krajeski, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen
Thomas C. Krajeski, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen

The area on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula that is now Yemen is one of the oldest centers of civilization in the Middle East. Between the 12th century BC and the 6th century AD, it was part of the Minaean, Sabaean, and Himyarite kingdoms, which controlled the lucrative spice trade, and later came under Ethiopian and Persian rule. In the 7th century, Islamic caliphs began to exert control over the area. After this caliphate broke up, the former north Yemen came under control of imams of various dynasties, usually of the Zaidi sect, who established a theocratic political structure that survived until modern times.

Egyptian Sunni caliphs occupied much of north Yemen throughout the 11th century. By the 16th century and again in the 19th century, north Yemen was part of the Ottoman Empire, and in some periods its imams exerted control over south Yemen.

On October 30, 1918, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the Great War, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent state. In 1926, Imam Yahya declared himself king of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, becoming a temporal as well as a spiritual leader, and won international recognition for the state. Yemen became a founding member of the Arab League in 1945 and the United Nations on 30 September 1947.

The United States recognized North Yemen and sent its first ambassador the kingdom in 1946 after World War II.

The British had occupied Aden and the area that is now South Yemen as protectorates from 1839 until 1967. In 1967 the British withdrew and the Protectorate of South Arabia, including Aden, was declared independent on November 30, 1967, and was renamed the People's Republic of South Yemen.

In 1965, two rival nationalist groups, the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) and the National Liberation Front (NLF), turned to terrorism in their struggle to control the country. In 1967, in the face of uncontrollable violence, British troops began withdrawing, federation rule collapsed, and NLF elements took control after eliminating their FLOSY rivals. South Arabia, including Aden, was declared independent on November 30, 1967, and was renamed the People's Republic of South Yemen. On December 1, 1970, the regime changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.

The United States recognized South Yemen and sent its first ambassador to the nation in 1967. Diplomatic relations between the United States and South Yemen were broken in 1969 and restored in 1990.

On May 22, 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) united and formed a united Republic of Yemen. The existing U.S. embassy in San'a became the embassy for the new republic. At that time there was no U.S. ambassador to South Yemen, so the then-current ambassador to North Yemen Charles Franklin Dunbar, continued to serve as the ambassador to the united Yemen until the end of his tour in 1991.

For U.S. ambassadors to North Yemen prior to 1990, see United States Ambassador to North Yemen.

For U.S. ambassadors to South Yemen prior to 1990, see United States Ambassador to South Yemen.

Contents

[edit] Ambassadors

Diplomatic Terms

Career FSO: After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSO) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time.

Political appointee: A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president; often to reward political friends.

Appointed: The date that the ambassador took the oath of office—also called “commissioning.” This follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a congressional-recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador must be later confirmed by the Senate.

Presented Credentials: The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador’s arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador’s letter, but this occurs only rarely.

Terminated mission: Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador’s commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy.

Chargé d’affaires: The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country. See chargé d’affaires.

ad interim: For the time being; in the meantime. See ad interim.

  • Charles Franklin Dunbar – Career FSO[1][2]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: June 16, 1988
    • Presented credentials: August 14, 1988
    • Terminated mission: Left post June 13, 1991
  • Note: The post was vacant July 1987–August 1988. Theodore H. Kattouf served as Chargé d’Affaires ad interim during that interval.
  • Arthur Hayden Hughes – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: August 2, 1991
    • Presented credentials: October 19, 1991
    • Terminated mission: Left post November 7, 1994
  • David George Newton – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: October 5, 1994
    • Presented credentials: January 8, 1995
    • Terminated mission: Left post December 16, 1997
  • Barbara K. Bodine – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: November 7, 1997
    • Presented credentials: December 22, 1997
    • Terminated mission: Left post August 30, 2001
  • Marjorie Ransom – Career FSO[3]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed:
    • Presented credentials:
    • Terminated mission:
  • Edmund James Hull – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: August 7, 2001
    • Presented credentials: October 1, 2001
    • Terminated mission: Left post March 13, 2004
  • Thomas C. Krajeski – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: July 30, 2004
    • Presented credentials: Unknown
    • Terminated mission: Incumbent

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Dunbar was serving as the ambassador to the Yemen Arab Republic when North and South Yemen united to form the Republic of Yemen. He continued to serve as the ambassador to the Republic of Yemen.
  2. ^ Dunbar was renominated on January 27, 1988, an earlier nomination not having been acted upon by the Senate.
  3. ^ President Clinton’s nomination of Ransom on May 9, 2000, was not acted upon by the Senate.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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