Unification of Karnataka
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During the period of British rule, the Indian state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the princely state of Mysore, Nizam's Hyderabad, the Bombay Presidency, the Madras Presidency and the territory of Kodagu being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the Wodeyar kings of Mysore.
What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay Presidency where Marathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where Urdu ruled. Kannadigas in South Canara came under the rule from Madras Presidency which used Tamil for all purposes.
Under these conditions, a feeling of discontent had started brewing among Kannadigas outside Mysore. They felt that their interests and their language was being mortgaged to the interests of the higher ups. Thus, while the Kannadigas under the Nizam felt that Urdu was being thrust on them at the expense of Kannada, those in the Bombay Presidency felt similarly vis a vis Marathi[1]. Economically also, these areas remained undeveloped, neglected and backward.
It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada-speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or 'Unification' movement.
[edit] The role of North Karnataka
Almost the entire southern half of Karnataka was then under the Wodeyars of Mysore with Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar and his dewan Sir M V at the helm. The official language of the state was Kannada and the state was also one of the more progressive states of the day. Given these circumstances, Kannadigas in Mysore had few complaints and were mostly content. But the northern regions of what is now Karnataka were under the British and the Nizam and they mostly bore the brunt of the misrule of these governments. Not surprisingly, the seeds of the Ekikarana movement and all its most important protagonists including Aluru Venkata Rao were from northern parts of Karnataka. One of the earliest and most important organisations that spearheaded the entire movement, the Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha also took birth in Dharwad. Thus the contribution of the people and leaders of North Karnataka towards the unification of Karnataka is central.
[edit] The Vidyavardhaka Sangha and other organisations
The establishment of the Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad in 1890 was a defining point in the history of the movement. It was establshed by R H Deshpande with the objective working for the resurgence of Kannada language which had been marginalised under the rule of the Bombay Presidency where Marathi was the official language.[1] The Vidyavardhaka Sangha became the aegis under which leaders from all over Karnataka gathered to further their agitation.
The influence and success of the Vidyavardhaka Sangha soon paved the way to setting up more such organisations across the length and breadth of Karnataka. The most notable of these were the Kannada Sahitya Parishat (Bangalore) that was set up in 1915, the Karnataka Sangha (Shivamogga) that took birth in 1916 and the Karnataka Samithi in Kasargod.
[edit] Aluru Venkata Rao
Even though the first strains of resentment and protest had started as early as in 1856 and the Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha had been established in 1890, the movement took a dramatic turn with the arrival of Aluru Venkata Rao on the scene. Speaking at a meeting of the Sangha in 1903, Alur Venkata Rao made a case for integrating all Kannada regions of Madras Province and north Karnataka with Mysore kingdom. Aluru himself found inspiration in the vehement protests that followed the British partitioning of Bengal.
In 1907 and again in 1908, Rao organised the All-Karnataka Writers’ Conference in Dharwad. Drawing inspiration from the Vidyavardhaka Sangha and the efforts of Deshpande, Aluru helped found the Kannada Sahitya Parishat in Bengalooru in 1915. This Parishat found an eager patron in the the ruler of Mysore. The Parishat began holding annual literary conferences(that continue even today) in different parts of the state. Intellectuals from across the Kannada speaking regions attended these conferences.
During the Home Rule Movement, Aluru floated the idea of a Karnataka 'Provincial' unit of the Indian National Congress. This soon took shape and the Karnataka Pradesh Congress committee was formed.
[edit] Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava
Amidst all this, Aluru published his magnum opus, the Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava in 1912. Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava literally means The glory that was Karnataka!. It was a book that recounted in great detail the glorious history that had been Karnataka's until the fall of Vijayanagar after which the Marathas, Nizam and the British took over. The book created tremendous impact on the young and old alike. The movement soon caught the imagination of the public and people started rallying around the Ekikarana movement and the movement picked up momentum.
For all these efforts and for being the one who inspired a whole movement, Aluru is today fondly remembered as the Kannada Kula Purohita or the 'High priest of the Kannada clan'.
[edit] The movement gathers momentum
Starting with Aluru's call for a Kannada linguistic state, the movement had slowly started gaining momentum and following. It was also around the time that the Indian independence movement itself was gathering steam. For freedom fighters in Karnataka, the incentive to fight on was not just independence for India but also a chance to fulfill their dreams of building a united Karnataka. These organisations began organising numerous rallies, talks and conferences where vociferous demands for a separate state for Kannada speaking people was made.
Apart from Aluru himself, stalwarts like Siddappa Kambli, R H Deshpande, Rangarao Diwakar, Koujalgi Srinivasarao, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar, S Nijalingappa, T Mariyappa, Subramanya, Sowcar Chennaiah, H K Veerangowda, H C Dasappa, H Siddaiah and Anakru were by now at the forefront of the agitations. Anakru in particular, had a mesmerising impact on the masses with his writing and powerful oratory.
[edit] The Nagpur Conference
Due to the efforts of these organisations and leaders, the movement not only gained in momentum but also attained a quasi-political clout. In 1920, Karnataka State Political Conference was held at Dharwad. At this conference, which was presided over by V P Madhav Rao, a unanimous resolution was passed demanding the unification of all Kannada speaking areas. The conference also exhorted Kannadigas to attend the Nagpur Congress to be held later that year in large numbers. Almost 800 delegates answered the call and attended the Nagpur conference where the Indian National Congress took the landmark decision to created the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee.This provided further fillip to the movement and many influential leaders of the Congress like S Nijalingappa and Kengal Hanumanthaiah (both of whom went on to become Chief Ministers of Karnataka) also served as active members of the Ekikarana movement.
[edit] The Belgaum Conference of 1924
In 1924, the Belgaum congress was held under the aegis of the newly formed Karnataka Pradesh Congress committee arm of the INC. Mahatma Gandhi presided over this historic conference. This conference was attended by Kannadigas from all parts in large numbers. The first Karnataka Unification Conference was also organised at the same venue. This was presided over by Siddappa Kambli.
These twin conferences drew numerous leaders, writers, poets and intellectuals from all over Karnataka and forceful speeches were made extolling the glory and greatness of Karnataka. It was here that Huilgol first sang his famous Udayavagali namma cheluva kannada nadu, which meant Let our charming Kannada land dawn!. The INC, for the first time lent formal support to the cause. This marked an important event in the history of the movement as for the first time, the movement got explicit political support. As a result of these conferences, the Karnataka Ekikarana Sabha which was to work in close collaboration with the KPCC took birth with the objective of the unification of Karnataka. The Karntaka Ekikarana Sabha later came to be known as the Karnataka Ekikarana Sangha.
[edit] The Nehru committee recommendation
In 1928, the formation of a single province by uniting all Kannada speaking areas was recommended by the Nehru Committee. It was observed by the committee that there was a “strong prima facie case for unification”. It also went on to state that it believed Karnataka could also be a financially strong province. This recommendation provided tremendous boost to the movement. It was supplanted by the intellectual and emotional support that came from stalwarts of the literary world like Kuvempu, Bendre, Gokak, S B Joshi, Betgeri Krishna Sharma, M Govinda Pai, Shivarama Karanth, Kayyara Kiyyanna Rai et al. There was also widespread support growing from the newspapers and media. Several smaller public and college organisations also sprang up, notably in Bengalur, Shivamogga and Raichur.
[edit] The elections of 1937
Following the Simon Commission, elections were held in 1937. The Congress took the stand that it would favour the formation of separate Karnataka and Andhra states. This however met with some resistance from the British and also some of the princely states. While the princely states feared that they might stand to lose some territory, the British themselves were unsure of how they would handle the reorganisation.
Siddappa Kambli sensing the reluctance, decided that the movement had to approach the Simon Commission with their case. But the other leaders of the movement like Gangadhar Deshpande, Rangarao Diwakar, Koujalgi Srinivasarao and Aluru prevailed upon him not to do so as they had boycotted the commission.
[edit] The 1946 conference
The year 1946 was a defining point in the history of the movement. The tenth conference of the Ekikarana movement was held on January 10th of 1946 in Bombay. This was a very high profile conference which inaugurated by Sardar Patel and attended by the likes of B G Kher, the then Chief Minister of Bombay presidency. In his speech at the conference, Sardar Patel declared that the interests of all linguistic groups would be high on the list of priorities for the new government of independent India. This served to assuage any apprehensions of the movement leaders and the common people. This was also to have a bearing on the constituent assembly that met in the same year.
In the same year, the All-Karnataka convention, a massive gathering of Kannadigas was held in Davanagere, which is practically the geographic center of Karnataka. This was presided over by Mr. M P Patil, the revenue minister of Bombay. This convention attracted tens of thousands of Kannadigas from all over Karnataka. Influential leaders like Kengal Hanumanthaiah, T Mariyappa, Subramanya, Sowcar Chennaiah, H K Veerangowda, H C Dasappa and H Siddaiah attended this convention and urged the constituent assembly to create the linguistic states.
[edit] Post Independence
India soon gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in Kasargod and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.
[edit] Liberation of Hyderabad-Karnataka
While Karnataka became independent with the rest of the country on the 15th of August, 1947, the story was a little different in some parts of the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur of Karnataka state. The Kannadigas in these regions also nursed the grouse that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the Nizam and the Razakars. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule got overthrown by force. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its Kannadiga citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as the Hyderabad-Karnataka liberation day.[2]
[edit] The Dhar and JVP committee
In the same year, the government appointed the Dhar commission to look into the demands of the Ekikarana movement as well as those of the other parallel movements in the other states. The Dhar commission in its report, opposed any reorganisation of the states. This came in for severe flak from all quarters including the Jaipur Congress.
The government now formed the 'JVP' committee. This committee had Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhai Patel and Dr Pattabhi Sitaramayya on the board. This committee took another look into the demands and came out with its report. The JVP report, however, favoured only the creation of the Andhra state while the Karnataka Ekikarana movement was given the cold shoulder. The Ekikarana movement saw this as a betrayal of the Congress which had declared the creation of linguistic provinces as one of its goals in its 1951 manifesto.
The movement now formed the Karnataka Ekikarana Paksha to contest the 1951 polls. This was supported strongly by the literary giants as well as influential politicians like Kengal Hanumantayya, S Nijalingappa and C M Poonacha the Chief Minister of Kodagu.
[edit] The Fazal Ali Committee
In January 1953, the movement entered its last leg when at the Congress session in Hyderabad, a resolution was also passed favouring just the creation of Andhra Pradesh but not Karnataka. This was the last straw and A J Dodmeti, a senior Congress leader and the member of the Bombay assembly, immediately resigned from his seat and launched a hunger strike at Jakkali in Dharwad. This found widespread support and the situation also took a violent turn. In the Hubli riots that followed, many people were injured and several courted arrest.
In the Hubli-Dharwad by elections that followed, the Congress suffered thumping defeat while the Karnataka Ekikarana Paksha's candidate won by a landslide. Buckling under pressure, Prime Minister Nehru constituted the States Reorganisation Committee or the Fazal Ali commission which was headed by Justice Fazal Ali. At the same time, the Mysore government appointed a fact-finding committee, headed by M Sheshadri. This committee, inexplicably opposed the unification but was swept away by overwhelming support that was accorded to it by all eminent Mysoreans including statesman Bharata Ratna Sir M Vishweshwarayya.
The States Reorganisation Commission eventually recommended the reorganisation of the states based on linguistic demographics and it got ratified in parliament soon.
[edit] Aftermath
The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Committee brought unbounded joy to the entire Kannadiga population that now was merged under the state of Mysore. Along with all the joy, came the acute disappointment at the non inclusion of certain parts in the Mysore state. The biggest disappointment lay in the non inclusion of Kasargod in the newly formed state. The irony also lay in the fact that Kasargod was one of the bastions from which the Ekikarana movement had launched its agitation. This is an issue that continues to rankle those who fought for the unification of Karnataka. Some like literary giant and nonagenarian Kayyara Kiyyanna Rai who was part of the movement since its earliest days still continues to fight for Kasargod's merger with Karnataka albeit peacefully. On the other hand, Belgaum transferred to Karnataka.
On 1 November 1973, under Devaraj Urs as Chief Minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.
[edit] Ekikarana Awards
To mark the celebrations of the 50th year of Karnataka's unification, the state government headed by Chief Minister H D Kumarswamy decorated 36 individuals and 4 organisations with the Ekikarana Award for the invaluable service they had rendered to uniting Karnataka.
Fittingly, the Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad and the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, Bengalooru (that Aluru once nurtured and headed) figured among the recipients.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Contributing to the cause. Deccan Herald (1 November 2005). Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
- ^ Hyderabad Karnataka Liberation Day to be celebrated in Bidar on September 17. The Hindu (13 September 2006). Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
- Ninan, Prem Paul (1 November 2005). Contributing to the cause. Deccan Herald. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
- History in the making. Deccan Herald (1 November 2005). Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
