Two-Photon 3-D Optical Data Storage

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Two-Photon 3-D Optical Data Storage is a general term referring to a method of data storage where the data is addressed by 2-photon excitation within an optically thick disk substrate. Two-photon 3-D optical data storage is a technology that is under development in several academic and commercial groups around the world, and aims to provide data storage at a density of the order of 1 TB (terabyte) in a DVD-sized disk. Many variations on the general principle have been investigated. Basically, the method uses one or more lasers to read and write information on a spinning disk, and in that sense it is related to CD and DVD technology. However, unlike a CD or DVD, data recording in such a system is facilitated by 2-photon absorption, resulting in a photoreaction. Because of the nonlinear nature of two-photon absorption, the photoreaction only takes place significantly at the focal point of the addressing laser and the disk may therefore be addressed with three-dimensional resolution. Thus, in the bulk of a disk (which contains the necessary active materials dispersed throughout either homogeneously or in discrete layers), many layers of DVD-like information may be inscribed. In order to read the information back, typically either 2-photon excitation is used once again in a two-photon microscopy-like manner, or confocal microscopy is used to spatially filter the response from the addressed point. The measured response, which may be e.g. fluorescence, is different for the photoreacted and non-photoreacted forms of the media. Two-photon optical data storage has historically suffered from development issues such as the need for powerful lasers, thermodynamic instability of the media, low readout signal, and a limited number of read cycles.

[edit] History

Most examples of 3D Optical Data Storage media are based on reversible photochromic reactions, usually of organic chromophores. While photochromism (and the related thermochromism) have been known for some considerable time, it was not until the invention of the spiropyrans, by Hirshberg in 1956, that their use for data storage was suggested. Hirshberg suggested that the photochromic reaction could be used to store data by switching molecules between the spiropyran and merocyanine states. Such data storage would be non-volatile and potentially allow many read-write-erase cycles.

However, at that time, magnetic storage was far more feasible, since critical electrooptic coponents such as lasers had not yet been developed, and magnetic data storage also offered much better speed and reliability. Development into optical storage was rekindled later, after the development of the diode laser, resulting in products such as the LaserDisc and Compact Disc.

During this same period, the development of lasers allowed scientists to begin studying nonlinear optical phenomena, as had been predicted by Maria Goeppert-Mayer in the 1930s. In particular two-photon absorption was demonstrated, by which a volume may be addressed in three dimensions.

The 1970-1980s were a particularly exciting time for organic chemists, with whole new disciplines such as supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology taking off, and multidisciplinary research becoming highly regarded. As early as in 1973 Mandzhikov, Murin, and Barachevskii have shown for the first time that photochromism of spiropyrans can be initiated with simultaneous absorption of two infrared photons. It was in this atmosphere that Dr. Peter Rentzepis (UC-Irvine) became interested in Hirshberg's system, and recognized that if it were paired with the three-dimensional resolution of 2-photon absorbance, then a very high capacity data storage system may result. His resulting research demonstrated the feasibility of this idea in a 1989 Nature paper.

In 1987, Rentzepis formed Call/Recall with Dr. Sadik Esener to research and develop 2-photon storage. The ultimate goals of Call/Recall Inc. is to deliver products with terabyte capacity and 100’s of MB/s data rates and are currently under development with the support of sbir research programs. The systems that they have developed have a very long shelf life, recordings from back in 1989 are still readable today with acceptable signal quality. The data can be read back many times before any degradation of readout signal quality and have shown that this is not a barrier to commercialization. Early Call/Recall development used two-beam-two-color recording at 1064nm and 532nm utilizing the available wavelengths of a Nd:Yag laser system, but quickly migrated to single-beam single-color 532nm laser recording, and were the first to do so as documented in various SPIE and IEEE proceedings, showing the way for all of the other groups now pursuing these materials in terms of materials and optical systems to support the recording/readout of this class of materials. The company is still active, funded largely by sbir’s, and details of their successes are documented throughout many publications listed in the references.

Around the same time of Rentzepis' work, Watt W. Webb developed scanning two-photon microscopy around very similar principles. A few years later his work also led to a 3D 2-photon optical data storage system, although in this case the photoreaction stimulated polymerization and data readout was to be achieved by detection of the changes in refractive index, for example by use of a phase contrast microscope apparatus. Several later groups also applied similar readout methods, however refractive index change type of media is not scaleable in the number of layers acheivable as the index change distorts the wavefront of the recording and readout laser beams.

Many other researchers, academic groups in particular, also made extensive efforts to find solutions to the problems encountered. The first success was the development of the diarylethene photochromic group by Professor Masahiro Irie. Some compounds in this family exhibit thermodynamic stability of both their forms. However, the most persistent issue of all deveolped chromophores was of low light-sensitivity. Nonlinear optical phenomena necessarily require high laser powers, and it was not until the mid 90s that logical design parameters to optimize the sensitivity of organic chromophores towards 2-photon absorbance were developed by scientists such as Professor Seth Marder and Professor Paras Prasad, but they are unfortunately no longer active in this field. Recent advances, together with the current understanding that new high-capacity data storage methods are required, have led to renewed interest in the technology by both academic and commercial groups.

In the late 1990s, C3D attempted to develop products based around similar but different concepts and failed after IPO and closed their doors to the disappointment of many investors. This technology, currently dubbed the Digital Multilayer Disk is now owned and developed by D Data Inc, but only offers low (20-100 GB) capacity discs, with manufacturing difficulties and no ability to write data (the disks are read-only).

[edit] Systems Currently Under Development

Call/Recall is still very active and is still the research and development and industry leader that everyone is trying to catch up with. They have demonstrated non-destructive readout with over 1 billion read cycles before any noticeable change in the readout signal quality and have shown incredible improvement in the amount of energy to record a data bit at very high data rates which no one to date has come close to reporting on.

A system under development by a team at the University of Central Florida. Financed with grants from the United States, United Kingdom, and China, Kevin D. Belfield and C. C. Corredor are pursuing a method that they believe can improve the effect of destructive reading, claiming to have demonstrated a system that can operate for 10000 read cycles before it becomes degraded. As of December 2006, this technology is still in the early development phase, and features such as high sensitivity and a true 3D implementation have not been demonstrated.

A commercial system is being developed by Mempile Ltd., which has been shown to be thermodynamically stable with a large 2-photon sensitivity, and has been demonstrated to have low crosstalk in multilayer recording. Mempile recently announced to the press that they demonstrated their technology to several Japanese CE manufacturers showing the actual recording and reading of over 100 layers on a disc the diameter of a DVD and with 0.6mm of active material.

Landauer inc. are developing a media based on resonant 2-photon absorption, which is not true two-photon recording as the material is using an assisted intermediate quantum state to achieve the electronic transition unlike true two-photon absorption that is a virtual state and thus does not achieve some of the benefits of the virtual transition two-photon transistion, but have no public plans to commercialize it. Since the media is based on DVD-sized single crystals of sapphire, it is unlikely that such a system could be economically viable.

[edit] References

  • 0. V.F. Mandzhikov, V.A. Murin, V.A. Barachevskii. Nonlinear coloration of photochromic spiropyran solutions. Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics, v. 3, no. 2, pp. 128-129, 1973.
  • 1. P.M. Rentzepis and A.S. Dvornikov. Volume Optical Memory by Two Photon Interaction. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 1563, 198-207, 1991.
  • 2. A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Studies on 3D Volume Memory. Proceedings of SPIE, v.1662, 197-204, 1992.
  • 3. A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Materials and Methods for 3D Optical Storage Memory, Proceedings of SPIE, v.1773, 390-400, 1992.
  • 4. A.S. Dvornikov, S. Esener and P.M. Rentzepis. 3-Dimensional Optical Storage Memory by Means of Two-Photon Interaction. in"Optical Computing Hardware", J.Jahns and S.H. Lee Editors, Academic Press Inc., Chap. 11,p. 287-325, 1993.
  • 5. J.Malkin, A.S. Dvornikov, K.D. Straub and P.M.Rentzepis. Photochemistry of Molecular Systems for Optical 3D Storage Memory. Research on Chemical Intermediates, v.19, n. 2, p. 159-189, 1993.
  • 6. A.S. Dvornikov, J.Malkin and P.M. Rentzepis. Nonlinear Properties of Photochromic Materials for Use in Optical Devices. Proceedings of SPIE, v.1852, 243-252, 1993.
  • 7. J. Malkin, A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Photochemical Reactions of Spiropyrans and Their Utilization in Optical Devices. Proceedings of SPIE, v.1853, 163-173, 1993.
  • 8. J.E. Ford, S. Hunter, R. Piyaket, A.S. Dvornikov, P.M. Rentzepis, S.C. Esener. Three-Dimensional Two-Photon Materials and Systems. Proceedings of SPIE, v.1853, 5-13, 1993.
  • 9. J. E. Ford, S. Hunter, R. Piyaket, Y. Fainman, S.E. Esener, A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Write/Read Performance in 2 Photon 3-D Memories. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 2026, 604-613, 1993.
  • 10. A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Two Photon Three-Dimensional Optical Storage Memory. in "Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics", Robert.R Birge Editor, Advances in Chemistry Series 240, ACS, Washington, DC 1994, Ch.7, p.161-177.
  • 11. J. Malkin, A. Zelichenok , V. Krongauz, A. S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Photochromism and Kinetics of Naphthacenequinones . JACS, 116, 1101-1105, 1994.
  • 12. A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Photochromism: Non-linear Picosecond Kinetics and 3D Computer Memory. Molecular Crystas and Liquid Crystals, v. 246, p. 379-388, 1994.
  • 13. A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. Processes and Materials for Two-Photon Volume Optical Memories. Journal of Optical Memory and Neural Network, v. 3, n. 2, p. 75-86, 1994.
  • 14. A.S. Dvornikov, J. Malkin and P.M. Rentzepis. Spectroscopy and Kinetics of Materials for 3D Optical Memory Devices. J. Phys. Chem., v.98, p.6746-6752, 1994.
  • 15. S. Hunter, J. E. Ford, R. Piyaket, C. Solomon, I. Cokgor, S.E. Esener, A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. 3 Dimensional Optical Storage by 2-Photon Recording. Journal of Optical Memory and Neural Network, v. 3, n. 2, p. 151-166, 1994.
  • 16. A.S. Dvornikov and P.M. Rentzepis. 3D Optical Storage Memory : Operation and Materials . Proceedings of 1994 Spring Conference on Solid-State technologies, Pasadena May 23-25, Appendix pp. 21-30, 1994.
  • 17. A. S. Dvornikov, I. Tomov, R. Piyaket, I. Cokgor, S. C. Esener, P. M. Rentzepis. Materials for 3D Memory Devices. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 2297, p. 447-451, 1994.
  • 18. R. Piyaket, I. Cokgor, S. C. Esener, C. Solomon, S. Hunter, J.E. Ford, A.S. Dvornikov, I. Tomov, P.M. Rentzepis.Three-dimensional memory system based on two-photon absorption. Proceedings of SPIE, v.2297, p. 435-446, 1994.
  • 19. A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Accessing 3D Information by Means of Nonlinear Absorption. Optics Communications, v. 119, p.341-346, 1995.
  • 20. I. Cokgor, F.B. McCormick, A.S. Dvornikov, K. Coblentz, S.C. Esener, P.M. Rentzepis. System issues in 2-photon absorption based 3-D optical memories. Optical Computing, v. 10, 1995 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 1995) p.222-224.
  • 21. A.S. Dvornikov, I. Cokgor, F. McCormick, R. Piyaket, S. Esener, P.M. Rentzepis. Molecular Transformation as a Means for 3D Optical Memory Devices. Optics Communications, v.128, pp.205-210, 1996.
  • 22. A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Anthracene Monomer-Dimer Photochemistry: High Density 3D Optical Storage Memory. Res. Chem. Intermed., v. 22, n. 2, p. 115-128, 1996.
  • 23. F.B. McCormick, I. Cokgor, S.C. Esener, A. S. Dvornikov, P. M. Rentzepis. Two-photon absorption-based 3-D optical memories. Proceedings of SPIE, v.2604, p. 23-32, 1996.
  • 24. A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Photochemistry of 3D Optical Storage Memory. Kinetics and Catalisis, v.37, n.5, pp. 602-607, 1996.
  • 25. A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Reaction kinetics of photochromic materials and their application to 3D optical memories. in "Polymer in optics: physics, chemistry and applications", R. A. Lessard and W. F. Frank eds., Critical reviews of optical science and technology, v. CR63, pp. 239-261, SPIE , 1996.
  • 26. A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. 3D Optical Memory Devices. System and Materials Characteristics. Proceed. IEEE International Nonvolatile Memory Technology Conference (June 24-26/1996 Albuquerque, NM,USA). New York, NY, USA: IEEE, 1996, p. 40-44.
  • 27. F.B. McCormick, I. Cokgor, A.S. Dvornikov, M. Wang, N. Kim, K. Coblentz, S. E. Esener, P.M.Rentzepis. 3-D Data Storage in Two-Photon Photochromic Optical Memories. in Joint International Symposium on Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage, vol.12, 1996 OSA Thechnical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 1996), pp. 224-226.
  • 28. A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Novel Organic ROM Materials for Optical 3D Memory Devices. Optics Communications, v.136,n.1-2,pp. 1-6, 1997.
  • 29. A. S. Dvornikov, I. V. Tomov, P. Chen, P. M. Rentzepis. Photochemistry of Nitro-naphthaldehyde Based 3D Memory Materials. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., v. 298, pp. 251-258, 1997.
  • 30. A. S. Dvornikov, I. Cokgor, M. Wang, F. B. McCormick, S. E. Esener and P. M. Rentzepis. Materials and Systems for Two Photon 3D ROM Devices. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology - Part A, v. 20, n. 2 , pp. 200-212,1997.
  • 31. M.M. Wang, S.E. Esener, F.B. McCormick, I. Cokgor, A. S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Experimental Characterization of aTwo-Photon Memory. Optics Letters, v.22, n. 8, pp. 558-560, 1997.
  • 32. I. Cokgor, F.B. McCormick, A.S. Dvornikov, M.M. Wang, N. Kim, K. Coblentz, S.C.Esener, P.M. Rentzepis. Multi-layer disk recording using 2-photon absorption and the numerical simulation of the recording process. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 3109, p.182-6, 1997.
  • 33. A. S. Dvornikov, C. M. Taylor, Y. C. Liang and P. M. Rentzepis. Photorearrangement mechanism of 1-nitro-2-naphthaldehyde and application to three-dimensional optical storage devices. J. Photochem. Photobio. A-Chem., v.112, n. 1, pp. 39-46, 1998.
  • 34. Y. C. Liang , A. S.Dvornikov and P. M.Rentzepis. Fluorescent Photochromic Fulgides. Res. Chem. Intermed.,v.24, n.9, pp. 905-914, 1998.
  • 35. A. S. Dvornikov, I. Cokgor, F. B. McCormick, S. E. Esener and P. M. Rentzepis. Advances in 3D Two-Photon Optical Storage Devices. Proceed. IEEE INVMTC 1998, pp. 68-71.
  • 36. A. S. Dvornikov, H. Bouas-Laurent, J.-P. Desvergne, P. M. Rentzepis. Ultrafast Kinetics of 9-Decylanthracene Photodimers and their Application to 3D Optical Storage. J. Materials. Chem., v.9, pp.1081-1084, 1999.
  • 37. Yogchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Solvent and Ring Substitution Effect on Fluorescent 2-Indolylfulgide Derivatives. J. Photochem. Photobio. A-chem., v.125, pp.79-84, 1999.
  • 38. A.S. Dvornikov, Y. Liang, I.V. Tomov, P.M. Rentzepis. Write, read, erase materials for 3D optical memory devices. Proceedings of SPIE, v.3802, pp.192-200, 1999.
  • 39. F.B. McCormick, H. Zhang, A. Dvornikov, E. Walker, C. Chapman, N. Kim, J. Costa, S. Esener, P. Rentzepis. Parallel Access 3-D Multilayer Optical Storage using 2-Photon Recording. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 3802, pp.173-182, 1999.
  • 40. Yogchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Synthesis of novel photochromic fluorescing 2-indolylfulgimides. Tetrahedron Letters, v.40, pp. 8067-8069, 1999.
  • 41. Y.C. Liang, D.A. Oulianov, A.S. Dvornikov, I.V. Tomov, and P.M. Rentzepis. Nonlinear materials and processes for electronic devices and 3D optical storage memory applications. In: “Multiphoton and Light Driven Multielectron Processes in Organics: New Phenomena, Materials and Applications”, F. Kaizar and M.V. Agranovich (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 2000, pp. 1-19.
  • 42. Yogchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Synthesis and photochemistry of photochromic fluorescing 2-indolylfulgimides. J. Mater. Chem., v.10, n.11, pp. 2477-2482, 2000.
  • 43. Yogchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov and P. M. Rentzepis. Photochromic Cross-linked Copolymer Containing Thermally Stable Fluorescing 2-Indolylfulgimide. Chem. Commun. , pp. 1641-1642, 2000.
  • 44. Haichuan Zhang, E.P. Walker, A.S. Dvornikov, Nam-Hyong Kim, J.M. Costa, F.B. McCormick. Two-photon 3D optical data storage disk recording and readout. Proceedings of the SPIE, v. 4089, pp. 126-31, 2000.
  • 45. H. Zhang, A.S. Dvornikov, E.P. Walker, N. Kim. F.B. McCormick. Single-beam two-photon-recorded monolithic multi-layer optical disks. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 4090, pp. 174-8, 2000.
  • 46. E.P. Walker, X. Zheng, F.B. McCormick, H. Zhang, N. Kim, J. Costa, A.S. Dvornikov. Servo error signal generation for 2-photon recorded monolithic multiplayer optical data storage. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 4090, pp. 179-84, 2000.
  • 47. Alexander S. Dvornikov, Jean-Pierre Desvergne, Dmitri A. Oulianov, Henri Bouas-Laurent and Peter M. Rentzepis. Polar solvent effect on the photocycloisomerization of symmetrical bisanthracenes. A transient ultrafast kinetic study. Helv. Chim. Acta, v. 84, n. 9, pp. 2520-2532, 2001.
  • 48. Yonchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov, P.M.Rentzepis. Photochemistrry of Photochromic 2-Indolylfulgides with Substituents at the 1-Position of the Indolylmethylene Moiety. J. Photochem. Photobio., A-Chem., v. 146, pp. 83-93, 2001.
  • 49. D.A. Oulianov, I.V. Tomov, A.S. Dvornikov, P. M. Rentzepis. Observations on the measurement of two-photon absorption cross section. Opt. commun., v. 191, n. 3-6, pp. 235-243, 2001.
  • 50. E.P. Walker, J.Duparre, H. Zhang, W. Feng, Y. Zhang, A.S. Dvornikov. Spherical aberration correction for two-photon recorded monolithic multilayer optical data storage. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 4342, pp. 601-604, 2002.
  • 51. D.A. Oulianov, A.S. Dvornikov, P. M. Rentzepis. Nonlinear 3D optical storage and comments on two photon crossection measurements. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 4462, pp. 1-10, 2002.
  • 52. W. Feng, E.P. Walker, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, A.S. Dvornikov, S.C. Esener. Top illumination design for 2D parallel readout in a 3D multilayer optical data storage system. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 4459, pp. 334-343, 2002.
  • 53. Yonchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov, P.M.Rentzepis. Synthesis and Properties of Photochromic Fluorescing 2-Indolyl Fulgide and Fulgimide Co-polymers. Macromolecules, v.35, pp. 9377-9382, 2002.
  • 54. Yongchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov, P.M. Rentzepis. New Near Infrared Sensitive Photochromic Fluorescing Molecules. Journal of Materials Chemistry, v. 13, n.2, pp.286-290, 2003.
  • 55. Yongchao Liang, A.S. Dvornikov, P.M. Rentzepis. A Novel Non-Destructible Readout Molecular Memory. Opt. Commun., v. 223, n. 1-3, pp. 61-66, 2003.
  • 56. Sadik Esener, Edwin P. Walker, Yi Zhang, Alexander Dvornikov, Peter Rentzepis. Present performance and future directions in two-photon addressed volumetric optical disk storage systems. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 4988, pp. 93-103, 2003.
  • 57. Y. C. Liang, A.S. Dvornikov, P.M. Rentzepis. Non-volatile read-out molecular memory. PNAS, v. 100, n. 14, pp. 8109-8112, 2003.
  • 58. A.S. Dvornikov, Y. Liang, C. S. Cruse, P. M. Rentzepis. Spectroscopy and Kinetics of a Molecular Memory with Non-Destructive Readout for Use in 2D and 3D Storage Systems. J. Phys. Chem. B, v.108, n. 25, pp. 8652-8658, 2004.
  • 59. A. S. Dvornikov, Y. C. Liang, P. M. Rentzepis. Ultra high density non-destructive readout, rewritible molecular memory. Res. Chem. Intermed., v. 30, n. 4-5, pp. 545-561, 2004.
  • 60. Yi Zhang, A. Dvornikov, Y. Taketomi, E.P. Walker, P. Rentzepis, S. Esener. Towards ultra high density multi-layer disk recording by two-photon absorption. Proceedings of SPIE, v. 5362, pp.1-9, 2004.
  • 61. A. S. Dvornikov, Yongchao Liang and P. M. Rentzepis. Dependence of the Fluorescence of a Composite Photochromic Molecule on a Structure and Viscosity. J. Mater. Chem., v. 15, pp. 1072-1078, 2005.
  • 62. Masaharu Akiba, Alexander Dvornikov, and Peter M. Rentzepis. A new class of materials suitable for two-photon 3D optical data storage. Proceedings of SPIE, v.6331, 2006.
  • 63. A.S. Dvornikov, T.D.Milster, E. Walker, P. M. Rentzepis. Two-photon 3D high-density optical storage media: optical properties, temperature, radiation, and fatigue studies. Proceedings of SPIE, v.6308, 2006.
  • 64. A. S. Dvornikov, E. Walker, P. M. Rentzepis. Studies of New Non-Destructive Read-out Media for Two Photon 3D high Density Storage. Proceedings of SPIE, v.6331, 2006.
  • 65. Masaharu Akiba, Alexander S. Dvornikov, and Peter M. Rentzepis. Formation of oxazine dye by photochemical reaction of N-acyl oxazine derivatives. J. of Photochem. Photobio. A, 2007 in press.


 v • d • e 
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