Tuscan gorgia

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The Tuscan gorgia is a phonetic phenomenon which characterizes the Tuscan dialects, in Tuscany, Italy, most especially the central ones, with Florence traditionally viewed as the epicenter.

The gorgia affects the voiceless stops /k/ /t/ and /p/, which are pronounced as fricatives (or, more precisely as approximants) in post-vocalic position (when not blocked by phonosyntactic strengthening):

/k/ → [h]
/t/ → [θ]
/p/ → [ɸ]

An example: the word identificare (to identify) /identifiˈkare/ is pronounced by a Tuscan speaker as [ˌidentifiˈhaːre], not as [ˌidentifiˈkaːre], as standard Italian phonology would require. The rule is sensitive to pause, but not word boundary, so that /la kasa/ (the house) is realized as [laˈhaːza].

(In some area the voiced counterparts /ɡ d b/ can also appear as fricative approximants [ɣ ð β], especially in fast or unguarded speech.)

In a stressed syllable, /k p t/, preceded by another stop, can occasionally be realized as true aspirates [k^h p^h t^h], especially if the stop is the same, for example [apˈp^hun:to] (appunto, note), [akˈk^ha:za] (a casa, at home, with phonosyntactic stregthening due to the preposition).

Establishing a hierarchy of weakening within the class /k t p/ is not an easy task. Recent studies have called into question the traditional view that mutation of /t/ and /p/ is less widespread geographically than /k/ → [h], and in areas where the rule is not categorical, /p/ is often more likely to weaken than /k/ or /t/. On the other hand, fast-speech deletion [the «zero phone»] affects /k/ first and foremost wherever it occurs, while /t/ can reduce to [h], most especially in high-frequency items such as participles (e.g. [andaːho] andato). Fricativization of /k/ is by far the most perceptually salient of the three, however, and amongst Italians it has thus become a stereotype (geo- and sociolinguistic marker) of Tuscan dialects.

The phenomenon is more evident and finds its irradiation point in the city of Florence. From this point, the gorgia spreads its influence along the entire Arno valley, losing strength nearer the coast. On the coast the gorgia cannot already change /p/ and weakly changes /t/. The weakening of /k/ is a linguistic continuum in the entire Arno valley, in the cities of Prato, Pistoia, Montecatini Terme, Lucca, Pisa, Livorno. In the northwest it is present to some extent in Versilia, and in the east extends over the Pratomagno to include Bibbiena and outlying areas, where /k t p/ are all affected. The Apennines are the northern border of the phenomenon, and while a definite southern border has not been established, it is present in Siena and further south, through at least San Quirico d'Orcia. In far southern Tuscany it gives way to the "lenition" (laxing) typical of northern and coastal Lazio.

The origin of this phonetic phenomenon is still in doubt. There are now two hypotheses:

The Tuscan gorgia is the only influence of the Etruscan substrate, the language of the population, who lived in Tuscany before the expansion of Latin language; the substrate began to influence the popular language after the fall of Roman Empire and the end of the influence of Rome (Alinei, a linguist, elaborated a new hypothesis of a big «superstrate» Etruscan-Hungarian);
The Tuscan gorgia began later, perhaps as late as the Middle Ages, as a natural phonetic phenomenon, much like the consonant voicing that affected Northern Italian dialects and the rest of Western Romance (now phonemicized, e.g. /amika/ 'friend, f.' > /amiga/), but remained allophonic in Tuscany, as laxing or voicing does elsewhere in Central Italy and in Corsica.

The second hypothesis seems to be the more likely^{[citation needed]}:

There is no mention of the phenomenon until the 16th century, and no trace in writing (but since the gorgia is phonetic phenomenon, not phonemic, its appearance in writing would not be expected).
The gorgia is less evident in Lucca and does not exist in far Southern Tuscany, nor in Lazio, where Etruscan settlement was quite concentrated.
Recent sociolinguistic studies in Eastern Tuscany show that the gorgia competes with traditional laxing in exactly the same post-vocalic position, suggesting that the two results are phonetically different resolutions of the same phonological rule.
The Etruscan language is still not totally deciphered and attempts to find phenomena such as the gorgia in its phonology have not been successful.
The gorgia shows all the characteristics of a naturally-developed allophonic rule in its alternations with full plosives.
Fricativization of /k t p/ is not uncommon in the languages of the world.