Tughra

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The tughra of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. It reads Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious. Written out:
- محمود خان بن عبدالحميد مظفر دائماً

A tughra (طغراء; Tuğra) is a calligraphic seal or signature of an Ottoman Sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. It was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign.

The tughra was designed at the beginning of the Sultan's reign and drawn by the court calligrapher or nişancı on written documents. The first tughra belonged to Orhan I (1284-1359), the second ruler of the Ottoman Empire and it evolved until it reached the classical form in the tughra of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1596).

Tughras served a purpose similar to the cartouche in ancient Egypt. Every Ottoman sultan had his own individual tughra.

1 Visual Elements of a Tughra
2 Tughras of the Ottoman Sultans
3 Uses of Tughra outside of the Ottoman Context
4 Modern Interpretations of Tughras
5 See also
6 External links

[edit] Visual Elements of a Tughra

The tughra has a characteristic form, two loops on the left side, three vertical lines in the middle, stacked writing on the bottom and two extensions to the right. Each of these elements have a specific meaning and together they make up the form that is easily recognizable as a tughra.

Visual Elements of a Tughra

The name of the Sultan is written out in the bottom section, called a sere. Depending on the period, this name can be as simple as Orhan, son of Osman in the first tughra in 1326. In later periods honorifics and prayers are also added to the name of the tughra holder and his father.

The loops to the left of the tughra are called beyze, from Arabic meaning egg. Some interpretations of tughra design claim that the beyzes are supposed to symbolize the two seas the Sultans held sway over: the outer larger loop signifying the Mediterranean and the inner, smaller loop signifying the Black Sea.

The vertical lines on the top of the tughra are called tug, or flagstaff. The three tugs signify independence. The Sshaped lines crossing the tugs are called zülfe and they, together with the tops of the tugs that also look to the right signify that the winds blow from the east to the west, the traditional movement of the Ottomans.

The lines to the right of the tughra are called hancere and signify a sword, symbol of power and might.

[edit] Tughras of the Ottoman Sultans

The first Tughra - Tughra of Orhan I (1326)	Tughra of Süleyman the Magnificent (1520)	Tughra of Selim III (1789)	Tughra of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II (1808)
Tughra of Abdulhamid II (1876)	Tughra of Mehmed V (1909) as used on a Gallipoli Star

[edit] Uses of Tughra outside of the Ottoman Context

Although the tughra is largely identified with the Ottoman Sultans, they have also sometimes been used in other Turkic states, such as the Khanate of Kazan. Later, tughras were used among the Tatars of Imperial Russia.

There are modern artists of calligraphy that use the characteristic tughra form today. Examples are the tughras of Russian president Vladimir Putin and the Emperor of Japan Akihito.