Tsuda Umeko
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- This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tsuda.
Tsuda Umeko (津田 梅子?), 31 December 1864 - 16 August 1929) was an educator who pioneered in education for women in Meiji period Japan.
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[edit] Early life
Tsuda Umeko was born as the second daughter of Tsuda Sen, a progressive agriculturist and strong proponent of the westernization and Christianization of Japan. In 1871, she was volunteered by her father as the youngest member of the Iwakura mission at the age of six, to travel to the United States as an exchange student. She stayed behind to study in the American education system until she was 18 years old.
Tsuda lived in Washington, D.C., with Charles Lanman (the secretary of Japanese legation), and his wife Adeline. As they had no children, they welcomed her like their own child. Tsuda attended the middle-class Georgetown Collegiate Institute, where she learned English. After graduating, she entered the Archer Institute, which catered to the daughters of politicians and bureaucrats. She excelled in language, math, science, and music. About one year after arriving in the United States, Tsuda asked to be baptized as a Christian. Although the Lanmans were Episcopalians, they decided she should attend the nonsectarian Old Swedes Church.
[edit] Return to Japan
By the time Tsuda returned to Japan in 1882, she had almost forgotten her Japanese language, which caused temporary difficulties. She also experienced cultural problems adjusting to the inferior position of women in Japanese society. Even her father, Tsuda Sen, who was radically westernized in many ways, was still traditionally patriarchal and authoritarian vis-à-vis women.
Tsuda was hired by Ito Hirobumi to be a tutor for his children. In 1885, she then began to work in a girls' school for the daughter of the kazoku peerage, but she was not satisfied by the restriction of educational opportunities to within the peerage and nobility, and she was not satisfied with the school policy, that education was intended to polish girls as ladies and train them to be obedient wives and good mothers. She decided to return to the United States.
[edit] Second stay in the United States
Tsuda returned to the United States and attended Bryn Mawr College in Philadelphia from 1889-1892, where she majored in biology and education. She also studied at St Hilda's College, Oxford.During her second stay in the United States, Tsuda decided that other Japanese women should have the opportunity to study overseas as well. She made numerous public speeches about Japanese women's education and raised $8,000 in funds to establish a scholarship for Japanese women.
[edit] Establishment of Tsuda College
After returning to Japan, she published several dissertations and made speeches about improving the status of women. The 1889 Girl's Higher Education Law, required each prefecture to establish at least one public middle school for girls. However, these schools were not able to provide girls with the same quality education as that of the boys' schools. In 1900, she founded the Women's Institute for English Studies (女子英学塾 Joshi Eigaku-juku?) located in Kojimachi, Tokyo to provide equal opportunity for a liberal arts education for all women regardless of parentage. The school faced a chronic funding shortfall, and Tsuda spent much time fundraising in order to support the school. Due to her enthusiastic efforts, the school gained official recognition in 1903.
In 1905, Tsuda became the first president of the Japanese branch of the Tokyo YWCA.
However, Tsuda's busy life undermined her health, and she suffered a stroke. In January 1919, she retired to her summer cottage in Kamakura, where she died after a long illness in 1929. The Joshi Eigaku Juku changed its name to Tsuda Eigaku Juku in 1933 and, after World War II, became Tsuda College. It is one of the most prestigious women's institutes of higher education in Japan.
[edit] Legacy
Although Tsuda strongly desired social reform for women, she did not advocate a feminist social movement, and she opposed the suffrage movement. Her activities were based on her philosophy that education should focus on developing individual intelligence and personality.
[edit] References and further reading
- Jansen, Marius B. The Making of Modern Japan. Belknap Press, 2002, ISBN 0-674-00991-6
- Furuki Yoshiko. The White Plum: A Biography of Ume Tsuda : Pioneer in the Higher Education of Japanese Women. Weatherhill 1991, ISBN 0-8348-0243-0
- Rose, Barbara. Tsuda Umeko and Women's Education in Japan. Yale University Press 1992, ISBN 0-300-05177-8
