Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
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Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (mong. Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж, usually just Elbegdorj) (born March 30, 1963) is one of the 13 leaders of the peaceful revolution that ended nearly 75 years of communist rule in 1989 and created an open democratic society in Mongolia. Elbegdorj has been the Prime Minister of Mongolia twice, the Vice Speaker of Parliament once, the Majority Leader of the Parliament once, and the Member of Parliament three times. He is known as a pro-democracy, libertarian politician.
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[edit] Early life and education
Elbegdorj (referred to by his first name according to Mongolian practice) is married and has four sons
He was born in the Zereg sum in Khovd Province of Mongolia as the youngest of eight sons of a traditional herder's family. He completed primary and secondary schools in Zereg sum. When he was 16, his family moved to Erdenet and he finished Erdenet city's High School in 1981.
After school, Elbegdorj spent a year as a worker in the Erdenet mining industry. In 1982 he was drafted for the mandatory military service until 1983. Some poems that he submitted to the "Ulaan Od" army newspaper during his service helped him to qualify for a scholarship to the Military Political Institute of the USSR in Lvov (today in theUkraine) where he earned his BA in Military Journalism in 1988. After that he returned as a journalist to "Ulaan Od" for two years.
Later he continued his studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder's Economic Institute, earning a Diploma in 2001. in 2002 he graduated from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government with a Master of Public Administration (MPA).
[edit] Democratic movement
During his studies in the USSR, Elbegdorj had learned about Glasnost and concepts like freedom of speech and economic liberties. After returning to Mongolia, he met with other interested people and tried to present those ideas to a wider audience, despite attempts at repression from the MPRP and threats by his employer to lose his job.
On the morning of December 10, 1989, the first open pro-democracy demonstration met in front of the Youth Palace in Ulaanbaatar. There Elbegdorj announced the creation of the Mongolian Democratic Union. Over the next two years, the activists continued to organize demonstrations, hunger strikes, as well as teacher's and worker's strikes. They met growing support from the population, both in the capital and on the countryside.
Eventually the MPRP Politburo gave way to the pressure and entered into negotiations with the leaders of the democratic movement, including Elbegdorj. In 1990, the chairman of the council of ministers (prime minister) Jambyn Batmönkh decided to dissolve the MPRP Politburo and to resign himself. This made it possible for Mongolia to elect a People's Khural (People's Congress) and to adopt a new Constitution on February 12, 1999 that guaranteed human rights and democracy.
Mongolia became the first democratic country in Central Asia.
[edit] Business and Media activities
Elbegdorj founded Mongolia’s first independent newspaper, “Democracy,” and worked as its Editor-in-Chief in 1990. For his efforts to establish and protect free press, Elbegdorj was awarded the “Star of Press Freedom” by The Association of Mongolian Journalists in 2000.
Elbegdorj founded Mongolia's first Entrepreneurs Association, which helped to privatize livestock to herders and to regain their own property from socialist collectives in 1991. Thanks to livestock privatization, heads of livestock in Mongolia reached more than 30 million in a decade. The number never reached 25 millions during the socialist years of three quarter century.
He helped create the first politically independent TV station Eagle TV in 1994. It was run by the former Mongolian Broadcasting Company (MBC) (now owned by Eagle Broadcasting Company), a joint-venture between the US non-profit AMONG Foundation (a Christian missionary organization), and the Mongolia Media Corporation (MMC).
[edit] Political career
Elbegdorj was elected to the Parliament three times between 1990 and 2000. He was actively involved in the drafting and adoption of Mongolia’s new Constitution, which introduced human rights, democracy and a free market economy to the country.
While Chairman of the State Commission on Rehabilitation, Elbegdorj initiated and realized the state apology for the victims and families of more than 37,000 people who were persecuted and massacred by the MPRP governing country during the communist period. He played a key role in the approval of the Rehabilitation Law, which provided rehabilitation, compensation, and recovery from the Stalinist purges and prohibited future violation of human rights.
Elbegdorj, as the head of the major democratic party, co-led the Democratic Union Coalition to its historic victory in the 1996 parliamentary elections. He served as a Majority Leader of the Parliament from 1996 to 2000 and a Vice Speaker of the Parliament from 1996 to 1998.
[edit] First term as prime minister
In 1998, a clause of the constitution was removed, that prohibited members of parliament to take governement responsibility. On April 23, 1998, Elbegdorj became Mongolias youngest Prime Minister in recent history. During his term, worked on the nations pressing political, economic, structural and social issues, and continued its open foreign policy.
The parliament, who was dominated by his own party at the time, removed him from power again on December 9, 1998, and replaced him by Janlavyn Narantsatsralt.
[edit] Second term as prime minister
On August 20, 2004, Elbegdorj became a Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time, as the second person to hold that office twice. This time he was designated by a grand coalition with the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) and a democratic coalition, after the parliamentary elections had resulted in a tie between the two sides.
In August 2005 Elbegdorj withdrew his very promising candidacy for the by-elections about one of the Ulan Bator constituencies for a seat in parliament, to satisfy a condition from the MPRP in order to keep the coalition alive. This paved the way for Ulan Bators mayor Miyeegombyn Enkhbold to become a member of parliament.
In his second term of the government, Elbegdorj proclaimed war against corruption and poverty, the biggest obstacles to Mongolia's development. Despite the coalition agreement, the MPRP withdrew their ministers from the governement on January 13. 2006, forcing Elbegdorj to resign as well. He handed over the office to by then MPRP chairman Enkhbold on January 25.
In January 2006, the MPRP decided to widthdraw from the coalition, and its ten ministers resigned. This meant that more than half of the minister positions were vacant, so the parliament had no choice but to dissolve the governement, removing Elbegdorj from power. The MPRP felt strong enough for this step because a DP member in parliament had switched to the MPRP a few days before, giving them exactly half the seats. The votes of four more DP members supporting the change (later to be rewarded with minister positions) resulted in an effective MPRP majority. In this configuration, and on nomination by president Enkhbajar, the parliament approved Enkhbold as the new prime minister on January 25th 2006. The events triggered strong protests from civic groups and their followers, as well as corruption allegations against high ranking MPRP members.[1][2]
[edit] Goals and results
Elbegdorj was instrumental in establishing legislation on Freedom of Press, and freedom of public demonstration. During his governement, the formerly state run newspapers, TV, and radio stations were converted into formally independent organisations with less direct control by the governement.
He worked to reduce unemployment by supporting technical schools and specialized professions, and by promoting affordable computers and internet access. He attempted to strengthen domstic businesses by reducing the administrative overhead, by eliminating many licensing requirements and import taxes for key product categories. During his governement, Mongolia was accepted into the APS agreement together with other 15 development countries, which makes it possible to export most goods to the European Union without customs duties.
[edit] International relations
Elbegdorj supports the acceptance of North Korean refugees, who arrive in Mongolia through China and eventually move on to South Korea.[3]
US President George W. Bush visited Mongolia on November 21, 2005, and made a speech in which he praised Mongolia's democracy and the ones who brought the democracy, particularly Elbegdorj.[4]
Elbegdorj agreed to send a contingent of Mongolian forces to Iraq in support of the international peace keeping efforts in 2005.[5]
He supported the international appeals to release Burmese democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi and several Members of the Parliament of Myanmar from house arrest in 2005.[6]
[edit] NGO activities
Elbegdorj is a permanent member of the board of directors of the "Young Leader" foundation of Mongolia since 1992 and a member of the director's board of the Mongolian Academy of Political Education since 1993 He founded Mongolia's Liberty Center, a non-governmental organization advocating human rights, freedom of expression and education in 2000.
On the international arena, Elbegdorj worked as an advisor to the United Nations "Millennium Development Goal" Project in New York City, and for the Broadcasting Board of Governors in Washington DC in 2003. He is a member of the advisory board of the Houston based Bellwether Forum, an US professionals' forum on government, politics, and public policy.
Elbegdorj is a frequent lecturer at many public and private institutions and universities, both in Mongolia and abroad, on topics including transitional issues and the new challenges of international security, freedom and development.
[edit] Political affiliation
- Elbegdorj has been elected as a chairman of Democratic Party from Democratic Party's Convention on April 1, 2006. Four candidates ran for the elections and in the second round, the highest scored candidates who are coincidentally two of the 13 democracy leaders Elbegdorj and Bat-Uul ran and Elbegdorj won with 57.2% votes according to Mongolia Web.[7]
- Member of the National Counseling Committee of Democratic Party - which conducts parallel policies with western republican parties.
- Chairman of Democratic Union Coalition of Mongolian National Democratic Party and Mongolian Social Democratic Party in 1996-2000.
- Chairman of Mongolian National Democratic Party in 1996-1999.
- Member of General Council of Mongolian National Democratic Party from 1994.
- Leader of Mongolian Democratic Union in 1989-1997.
- Leader of Mongolian Democratic Party since Apr 2006.
[edit] Publications
- Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Footstep of the Truth Is White, Ulaanbaatar 2000
- Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj The Years of Bearing Weight, Ulaanbaatar 2000
- Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Mongolia: Moving Mountains, Washington Post, November 21, 2005.
Many other articles, speeches, and interviews by Elbegdorj have been printed in various national and international publications.
[edit] Trivia
- Elbegdorj half jokingly said "Genghis Khan wasn't really a bad guy", "he just had bad press" in an interview with Boston Globe.[8]
- Mongolians call Elbegdorj the Golden Falcon of Democracy, alluding to a bird that comes with spring sunshine after a long, harsh winter.
- For his efforts and contribution in the creation and strengthening of the democratic system in Mongolia, Elbegdorj was awarded the medal "Freedom."
- In reference to his work, Elbegdorj has been referred to as "Mongolia's Thomas Jefferson".[9]
[edit] References
- ^ In Mongolia protest groups collide. Mongolia Web (April 12, 2006). Retrieved on April 21, 2006.
- ^ Officials targeted for corruption. Mongolia-Web (2005-11-02). Retrieved on February 18, 2007.
- ^ Asian Human Rights Commission - Urgent Appeals Program (September 19, 2003). Retrieved on February 19, 2007.
- ^ President Bush: Speech in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, White House Press Release, November 21, 2005
- ^ Bush thanks Mongolia for support in Iraq], CNN, Novemner22, 2005
- ^ Statement Of Senator Mitch McConnell On Resolution Honoring Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (June 16 2005). Retrieved on February 19, 2007.
- ^ Luke Distelhorst: Ts. Elbegdorj Mongolia's New Democratic Party Leader, Mongolia Web, April 1, 2006
- ^ Jehangir S. Pocha, Once-feared invader's reputation gets a revival, Mongolians sing praise of Genghis Khan, Boston Globe, July 3, 2005]
- ^ Vincent H Miller: From Communism to Capitalism in the Land of Genghis Khan International Society for Individual Liberty, Spring 2004
[edit] Sources
- Mongolia names new prime minister BBC News, August 20, 2004
(About Democratic Coalition won 36 out of 76 seats in parliament and the power sharing agreement, Elbegdorj becomes Prime Minister)
- James Brooke For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future New York Times, February 15, 2005 (Article on Elbegdorj's government changed second language from Russian into English)
- Elbegdorj speaks on Mongolia's transition to capitalism Hoover Institution, May 20, 2003
- Mongolia elects new leader Bellwether Forum, September 6, 2004
- Matthew Davis Voting Mongolia, World View Magazine Online, Volume 17, Number 4, Fall 2004 (Story on Elbegdorj's party campaigning and Mongolians' voting in 2004)
- It is time to act on Burma, Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma, June 13, 2004
- To move or not to move? (Interview about Elbegdorj's initiation of Karakorum development), UB Post, February 14, 2005
- Mongolian daily newspapers, newspapers in Mongolian language, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1990-2006
- Daily News of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1993-2006
[edit] External links
[edit] About Elbegdorj, interviews, and speech
- James Brooke Mongolian PM evolves from journalist to statesman, (About Elbegdorj) New York Times, Page 5, December 26, 2004, [1]
- Stuart Frohm Mongol Khan-Quest, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, September 15, 2004
- Mongolian Prime Minister's remarks, Bellwether Forum, September 9, 2004
- Peter & Helen Evans One Year Toward Freedom - Part 1 (Interview with Elbegdorj), Intellectual Conservative, March 30, 2004
- Peter & Helen Evans One Year Toward Freedom - Part 2 (Interview with Elbegdorj), Renew America, March 29, 2004
- Peter & Helen Evans An Interview with Elbegdorj Tsakhia - Part 3 The Reality Check Online Magazine of Heritage New Media Partners
- One Year Toward Freedom - Part 4 (Interview with Elbegdorj), Peter & Helen Evans, 2004
- Letter from President Bush to Prime Minister Elbegdorj, Mongolia Web, December 2005
- Communism to Democracy: Lessons from Mongolia on the Eve of the Election Campaign (Elbegdorj's talk), Heritage Foundation, May 30, 2003 Webcast of the talk
[edit] News and articles about the governement change in 2006
- Lulu Zhou Mongolian PM Out of Office Harvard's Crimson - Harvard University's daily newspaper, January 20, 2006
- John J. Tkacik, Jr. Stumble on the Steppes, the Heritage Foundation's Press Room, January 21, 2006
- Sumya Bazar Unrest in Mongolia as coalition govt disintegrates Mail and Guardian, January 12, 2006
- Mongolians urge government to stay, Al Jazeera, January 12, 2006
[edit] Organizations
- Liberty Center A Mongolian non-government organization founded by Elbegdorj.
- Henry Jackson Society British think tank of which Elbegdorj is a patron.
| Preceded by Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan |
Prime Minister of Mongolia 1998-04-23 - 1998-12-09 |
Succeeded by Janlavyn Narantsatsralt |
| Preceded by Nambaryn Enkhbayar |
Prime Minister of Mongolia 2004-08-20 - 2006-01-13 |
Succeeded by Miyeegombyn Enkhbold |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Elbegdorj; Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж (mongolian) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Former Prime Minister of Mongolia |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1963 March 30 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Zereg, Khovd Province, Mongolia |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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