Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria

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The Orange Book

Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify and select computer systems being considered for the processing, storage and retrieval of sensitive or classified information.

The TCSEC, frequently referred to as the Orange Book, is the centerpiece of the DoD Rainbow Series publications. Initially issued by the National Computer Security Center (NCSC) an arm of the National Security Agency in 1983 and then updated in 1985, TCSEC was replaced with the development of the Common Criteria international standard originally published in 2005.

1 TCSEC Fundamental Objectives/Requirements
2 Divisions and Classes
3 Matching classes to environmental requirements
4 See also
5 References

[edit] TCSEC Fundamental Objectives/Requirements

[edit] Policy

The security policy must be explicit, well-defined and enforced by the computer system. There are two basic security policies:

Mandatory Security Policy - Enforces access control rules based directly on an individual's clearance, authorization for the information and the confidentiality level of the information being sought. Other indirect factors are physical and environmental. This policy must also accurately reflect the laws, general policies and other relevant guidance from which the rules are derived.
- Marking - Systems designed to enforce a mandatory security policy must store and preserve the integrity of access control labels and retain the labels if the object is exported.
Discretionary Security Policy - Enforces a consistent set of rules for controlling and limiting access based on identified individuals who have been determined to have a need-to-know for the information.

[edit] Accountability

Individual accountability regardless of policy must be enforced. A secure means must exist to ensure the access of an authorized and competent agent which can then evaluate the accountability information within a reasonable amount of time and without undue difficulty. There are three requirements under the accountability objective:

Identification - The process used to recognize an individual user.
Authentication - The verification of an individual user's authorization to specific categories of information.
Auditing - Audit information must be selectively kept and protected so that actions affecting security can be traced to the authenticated individual.

[edit] Assurance

The computer system must contain hardware/software mechanisms that can be independently evaluated to provide sufficient assurance that the system enforces the above requirements. By extension, assurance must include a guarantee that the trusted portion of the system works only as intended. To accomplish these objectives, two types of assurance are needed with their respective elements:

Assurance Mechanisms
- Operational Assurance: System Architecture, System Integrity, Covert Channel Analysis, Trusted Facility Management and Trusted Recovery
- Life-cycle Assurance : Security Testing, Design Specification and Verification, Configuration Management and Trusted Distribution
Continuous Protection Assurance - The trusted mechanisms that enforce these basic requirements must be continuously protected against tampering and/or unauthorized changes.

[edit] Documentation

Within each class there is additional documentation set which addresses the development, deployment and management of the system rather than its capabilities. This documentation includes:

Security Features User's Guide, Trusted Facility Manual, Test Documentation and Design Documentation

[edit] Divisions and Classes

The TCSEC defines four divisions: D, C, B and A where division A has the highest security. Each division represents a significant difference in the trust an individual or organization can place on the evaluated system. Additionally divisions C, B and A are broken into a series of hierarchical subdivisions called classes: C1, C2, B1, B2, B3 and A1.

Each division and class expands or modifies as indicated the requirements of the immediately prior division or class.

[edit] D — Minimal Protection

Reserved for those systems that have been evaluated but that fail to meet the requirements for a higher division.

[edit] C — Discretionary Protection

C1 — Discretionary Security Protection
- Separation of users and data
- Discretionary Access Control (DAC) capable of enforcing access limitations on an individual basis
C2 — Controlled Access Protection
- More finely grained DAC
- Individual accountability through login procedures
- Audit trails
- Resource isolation

[edit] B — Mandatory Protection

B1 — Labeled Security Protection
- Informal statement of the security policy model
- Data sensitivity labels
- Mandatory Access Control (MAC) over select subjects and objects
- Label exportation capabilities
- All discovered flaws must be removed or otherwise mitigated
B2 — Structured Protection
- Security policy model clearly defined and formally documented
- DAC and MAC enforcement extended to all subjects and objects
- Covert storage channels are analyzed for occurrence and bandwidth
- Carefully structured into protection-critical and non-protection-critical elements
- Design and implementation enable more comprehensive testing and review
- Authentication mechanisms are strengthened
- Trusted facility management is provided with administrator and operator segregation
- Strict configuration management controls are imposed
B3 — Security Domains
- Satisfies reference monitor requirements
- Structured to exclude code not essential to security policy enforcement
- Significant system engineering directed toward minimizing complexity
- A security administrator is supported
- Audit security-relevant events
- Automated imminent intrusion detection, notification, and response
- Trusted system recovery procedures
- Covert timing channels are analyzed for occurrence and bandwidth
- An example of such a system is the XTS-300, a precursor to the XTS-400

[edit] A — Verified Protection

A1 — Verified Design
- Functionally identical to B3
- Formal design and verification techniques including a formal top-level specification
- Formal management and distribution procedures
- An example of such a system is SCOMP, a precursor to the XTS-400
Beyond A1
- System Architecture demonstrates that the requirements of self-protection and completeness for reference monitors have been implemented in the Trusted Computing Base (TCB).
- Security Testing automatically generates test-case from the formal top-level specification or formal lower-level specifications.
- Formal Specification and Verification is where the TCB is verified down to the source code level, using formal verification methods where feasible.
- Trusted Design Environment is where the TCB is designed in a trusted facility with only trusted (cleared) personnel.