Translations

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For the act of conversion between languages, see Translation. For other uses of the word "translation', see Translation (disambiguation).

Translations (Aistrichiuain) is a three-act play by Irish playwright Brian Friel written in 1980. It is set in Baile Beag (Ballybeg), a small village at the heart of 19th century agricultural Ireland. Friel has said that Translations is "a play about language and only about language", but it deals with a wide range of issues, stretching from language and communication to cultural imperialism. Despite the 1833 setting, there are obvious parallels between Baile Beag and today's world.

Baile Beag may be presumed to be a fictional village, although such a place does exist; as a working class suburb of Waterford, a village in County Wicklow and a village in County Down (all in Ireland). However, it is also a generic name for a small village, which Friel uses in his other well-known play, Dancing at Lughnasa (1990).

1 Performance and publication
2 Plot
3 Historical references

[edit] Performance and publication

Translations was first performed at the Guildhall in Derry, Northern Ireland, on Tuesday, 23 September 1980. It was the first production by the Field Day Theatre Company founded by Brian Friel and Stephen Rea. It was directed by Art O Briain and featured the following cast:

Mick Lally (Manus)

Ann Hasson (Sarah)

Jack Roy Hanlon (Jimmy Jack)

Nuala Hayes (Maire)

Liam Neeson (Doalty)

Brenda Scallon (Bridget)

Ray McAnally (Hugh)

Stephen Rea (Owen)

David Heap (Captain Lancey)

Shaun Scott (Lieutenant Yolland)

The play was staged with Barnard Hughes in New York City by the Manhattan Theatre Club. It was published by Faber and Faber in 1981 who still publish it today.

It enjoys fame today, and remains a popular set-text among English A-Level students.

[edit] Plot

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

The play is set in the quiet community of Baile Beag (later anglicised to Ballybeg), in County Donegal, Ireland. Many of the inhabitants have little experience of the world outside the village. Tales about Greek goddesses are as commonplace as those about the potato crops. Many languages (ancient and modern) are spoken in the village. Friel uses language as a tool to highlight the problems of communication - lingual, cultural, and generational. In the world of the play, the characters, both Irish and English, "speak" their respective languages, but in actuality English is predominantly spoken. This allows the audience to understand all the languages, as if a translator were provided. However, onstage the characters cannot comprehend each other if a common language is not shared (This technique is also used in the sitcom 'Allo 'Allo).

The action begins with Owen, youngest son of the schoolmaster Hugh and brother to aspiring teacher Manus, returning home after six years away in Dublin. With him are Captain Lancey, a middle-aged, pragmatic cartographer, and Lieutenant Yolland, a young, idealistic, romantic orthographer. Owen acts as a translator and go-between for the British and Irish.

Yolland and Owen work to translate local placenames into English for purposes of the map: therefore Druim Dubh becomes Dromduff and Poll na gCaorach becomes Poolkerry. While Owen has no qualms about anglicizing the names of places which form part of his heritage, Yolland, who has fallen in love with Ireland, is unhappy with what he perceives as a destruction of Irish culture and language.

Complicating matters is a love triangle between Yolland, Manus, and a local woman, Maire Chatach. Yolland and Maire manage to show their feelings for each other despite the fact that Yolland speaks only English and Maire only Irish. Manus, however, had been hoping to marry Maire, and is infuriated by Yolland. He sets out to attack him, but in the end cannot bring himself to do it.

Unfortunately, Yolland goes missing overnight (it is hinted that he has been attacked, or worse, by the shady Donnelly twins), and Manus is forced to flee. Maire is in denial about Yolland's disappearance and remains convinced that he will return unharmed. The British soldiers, forming a search party, rampage across Baile Beag, and Captain Lancey threatens first shooting all livestock and then evicting and destroying houses if Yolland is not found. The play ends ambiguously, with the schoolmaster Hugh escaping the situation by reciting lines from the Aeneid.

Friel's play tells of the current struggle between both England and Ireland during this turbulent time. The play focuses mainly on (mis)communication and language to tell of the desperate situation between these two countries with an unsure and questionable outcome.

[edit] Historical references

The Englishmen in the play are a detachment of the Royal Engineers and function as part of the Ordnance Survey creating six-inch to the mile maps of all of Ireland. The characters of Lancey and Yolland are fictionalized representations of two real soldiers who took part in the survey: Thomas Colby and William Yolland.^[1]

The character Maire contemplates emigration to America, reflecting the mass emigration of Irish people to America in the 19th century.

There are fearful references to potato blight, reminding the reader of the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s, even though the play is set in 1833.

Irish politician and hero Daniel O'Connell is mentioned and quoted as saying that Irish people should learn English and that the Irish language was a barrier to modern progress. Anglicization of place names, including Baile Beag (the setting), is prominent in the dialog, because it is Lieutenant Yolland's professional assignment.

A national school is to open in the town, replacing the existing hedge-school.

Characters Hugh and Jimmy remember how they marched to battle during the 1798 rebellion against the British influence in Ireland, only to march back home upon feeling homesick.