Topicality (policy debate)
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| Part of the series Policy Debate |
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| Organization | |
| Policy debate competitions |
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| Format | |
| Structure of policy debate · Resolution |
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Affirmative · Negative · Judge |
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| Types of Arguments | |
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Stock Issues · Case· Disadvantage |
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| Argumentative Concepts | |
Topicality is a stock issue in policy debate which pertains to whether or not the plan affirms the resolution as worded. To contest the topicality of the affirmative, the negative interprets a word or words in the resolution and argues that the affirmative does not meet that definition, that the interpretation is preferable, and that it should be a voting issue.
The issue of topicality has also been raised in relations to counterplans with judges and debaters arguing that counterplans either should or should not be topical.
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[edit] Structure of a violation
A topicality violation, as presented in the 1NC, is generally as follows:
- Interpretation - Interpretation of a word or words in the resolution, often supported by evidence. Evidence to support an interpretation can come from virtually any source (dictionary, legal dictionary, academic paper, laws, court rulings, etc.) and emphasis is placed on both the desirability of the interpretation and the quality of the evidence which supports the interpretation.
- Violation - Reason(s) why the plan does not meet the interpretation
- Standards - Reason(s) why the interpretation is superior
- Voting Issue - Reason(s) why the judge should vote negative if the plan does not meet the interpretation
[edit] Commonly used Standards
[edit] Predictable limits
Limits are a measure of how many cases would be topical under a given interpretation of the topic and whether that cleavage of cases is predictable. Teams will often debate the desirability of having a small or large number of topical cases.
[edit] Ground
Ground is a measure of the quantity and quality of arguments and literature available to both teams under a certain interpretation of the topic. Teams will often debate the desirability of incorporating or excluding certain arguments.
[edit] Bright line
Brightline (sometimes called precision) is a measure of how clear the division is between topical and non-topical cases under a certain interpretation.
[edit] Grammar
Grammar is a measure of how grammatically correct an interpretation is. Some teams argue that grammar is key to the predictability of an interpretation.
[edit] Source of the definition
Many debaters will claim that their interpretation is superior because it is from a dictionary ("intent to define") or non-dictionary literature ("field contextual"). Debates are rarely won on such standards
[edit] Education
An Education standard asserts that the negative's interpretation of the resolution focuses the debate down to the most important area(s) for learning. This involves explaining why the topics and discussions preserved by the negative's interpretation are more important to the affirmative case and cases under the counterinterpretation.
[edit] Effects (FX) Topicality
This is lumped in as a Standard in many situations even though it is in fact a separate (sometimes the core) way that the Affirmative team is failing to fall under the resolution. Effects topicality alleges that the Affirmative team is not topical in its direct mandate or intent but only arguably arrives at alleviating Harms typically associated with the topic through a variety of internal links. An example might be a case under a topic about limiting the use or stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction that declares war on North Korea or Iran. The Negative team would argue that such a case would only possibly be topical if it could be proven beyond a doubt not only that Iran or North Korea had weapons of mass destruction but also if such a war did not increase global proliferation pressures or involve the eventual use of weapons of mass destruction or did not lead to looting of such stockpiles, all very tendentious assumptions. Negative teams will typically argue that such plans drastically underlimit the resolution (i.e. allow too wide of a variety and number of cases to be run) because any case could possibly fall under the topic if enough causal links are allowed, and that topicality should be decided based on a strict reading of the affirmatives plan text that doesn't take into account solvency. Affirmative teams will either argue that they are not effectual, that the plan's mandate directly falls under the rubric of the topic (though they may continue to claim farflung advantages not typically associated with topical cases), or that effects topicality is acceptable (a frequent argument is "All cases must go through steps to achieve their goals, what line does one draw?").
[edit] Extra Topicality
Extra Topicality is sometimes run in conjunction with FX, sometimes separately. The argument is that the Affirmative plan includes "planks" or components that are not topical. For example, a plan under an energy-conservation topic might both sign the Kyoto Protocol and increase general science funding across the board, obviously including energy conservation. Such a plan might then argue for environmental, economic or military benefits separate from anything having to do with energy conservation. A Negative team would argue that this would be extra-topical because the plan is acting in areas that are outside the boundaries of the resolution (therefore, "extra"-topicality). Either seriously or as an example, sometimes Negatives running against FX and Extra cases will run counterplans that they argue would be the truly topical version of the Affirmative plan: For example, the Negative in the above case could run a counterplan wherein they only sign Kyoto. Negative teams will argue that the whole plan's mandate must be topical, as otherwise every Affirmative could run a different permutation of topical and non-topical components and make the topic literally unlimited. Affirmative teams will either argue that Extra Topicality is legitimate or, much more frequently, that all components of their plan are in fact topical. A plan can arguably be extra-topical, not topical and FX-topical all at once: Its arguably topical plank may both not be topical no matter the causal links and rely on causal links to get to its arguable topicality, as well as having non-topical planks.
The "extra" in "extra-topicality" is used to mean "outside" (i.e. "extra-terrestrials") and not to mean "extremely."
[edit] Commonly asserted voting issues
[edit] Competing Interpretations
Some teams argue that if the negative presents a better interpretation that is not met, then it should be a win for the negative. The usual affirmative answer is "reasonability", that is, only to vote on actual in round abuse.
[edit] Fairness
Some teams argue that it is unfair for the negative to have to debate a non-topical case and thus the judge should vote against one. This voting issue is sometimes referred to as "competitive equity."
[edit] Education
Some teams argue that it is uneducational for the negative to have to debate a non-topical case and thus the judge should vote against one.
[edit] Jurisdiction
Some teams argue that the judge only has the jurisdiction to vote for cases which affirm the resolution. This justification has largely fallen out of favor in collegiate debate after the 2001-2002 Native Americans topic led to large numbers of kritiks about how it was the issue and mindset of jurisdiction that destroyed Native American culture. It remains popular in high school debate, however.
[edit] Abuse
Abuse generally means that the negative lost some ground (i.e. the ability to make an argument) because the affirmative wasn't topical.
[edit] Potential abuse
Potential abuse means that negative lost the ability to make an argument which they didn't make. Many judges and debaters do not see a difference between "abuse" and "potential abuse" because they find it absurd for the negative to read a non-applicable argument just to "prove abuse" on topicality. However, some debaters claim that judges should let future judges adjudicate potential abuse and only concern themselves with the arguments which the affirmative "got out of" by not being topical.
[edit] Rule of the game
"Topicality is a voting issue" is actually a rule at the National Debate Tournament.[1]
[edit] Affirmative answers to Topicality
Affirmatives can deploy a variety of answers to topicality violations in the 2AC. They can be generally categorized as follows:
- We Meet - The affirmative can argue that their case meets the negative's interpretation of the resolution
- Counter-interpretation - The affirmative can offer a different interpretation of the word or words that the negative defined. The affirmative will usually argue that their interpretation is superior using the same standards outlined above, although not necessarily only the standards presented by the negative in that round.
- Non-voter - The affirmative can argue that the judge shouldn't vote negative even if they don't meet the negative's interpretation. This argument may be phrased as "reasonability", that the judge should accept the affirmative's case if it meets a reasonable interpretation of the resolution.
- Kritik - The affirmative can make kritical arguments as to why topicality is an unnecessary and oppressive burden placed upon the affirmative.
- Reverse Voting Issue (RVI) - The affirmative can claim that the topicality argument offered by the negative is abusive in its own right and justifies an affirmative ballot.
[edit] References
- Cheshire, David. (2002). Extending Topicality Arguments. Rostrum. Retrieved December 30, 2005.
| Stock Issues |
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Topicality| Solvency| Harms| Inherency| Significance |
| Off-case arguments |
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Topicality| Disadvantage| Counterplan| Kritik |
