Toni Morrison

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Toni Morrison
Born:	February 18, 1931 Lorain, Ohio
Occupation:	novelist
Genres:	African American literature
Signature:

For the Louisiana politician, see deLesseps Morrison, Jr.

Toni Morrison (b. February 18, 1931, Lorain, Ohio) is one of the most prominent authors in world literature, having won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993 for her collected works. Several of her novels have taken their place in the canon of American literature, including The Bluest Eye, Beloved (winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction), and Song of Solomon. Morrison's writings are notable for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed African American characters. In recent years, Morrison has published a number of children's books with her son, Slade Morrison.

Contents 1 Morrison's early years 2 Promoting Black literature 3 Morrison's novels 3.1 The Bluest Eye (1970) 3.2 Sula (1973) 3.3 Song of Solomon (1977) 3.4 Tar Baby (1981) 3.5 Beloved (1987) 3.6 Jazz (1992) 3.7 Paradise (1998) 3.8 Love (2003) 4 Politics 5 Works 5.1 Novels 5.2 Children's literature (with Slade Morrison) 5.3 Short stories 5.4 Plays 5.5 Libretto 5.6 Non-fiction 5.7 Articles 6 Quotations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Morrison's early years

Morrison was born as Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio, the second of four children in a working-class family. As a child, Morrison read constantly (among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy). Morrison's father, George Wofford, a welder by trade, told her numerous folktales of the black community (a method of storytelling that would later work its way into Morrison's writings).

In 1949 Morrison entered Howard University to study humanities. While there she changed her name from "Chloe" to "Toni", explaining that people found "Chloe" too difficult to pronounce. Her name "Toni" derives from her middle name, Anthony. Morrison received a B.A. in English from Howard in 1953, then earned a Master of Arts degree from Cornell University in 1955. Oxford University awarded her an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in June 2005.

Promoting Black literature

After graduation, Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas (from 1955-57) then returned to Howard to teach English. In 1958 she married Harold Morrison. They had two children and divorced in 1964. After the divorce she moved to Syracuse, New York, where she worked as a textbook editor. Eighteen months later she went to work as an editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House.

As an editor, Morrison played an important role in bringing African American literature into the mainstream. She edited books by such black authors as Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis and Gayl Jones. She also taught English at two branches of the State University of New York. In 1984 she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, The State University of New York. From 1989 to 2006 Morrison held the Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.

Though based in the Creative Writing Program, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she has conceived and developed the prestigious Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together talented students with critically acclaimed, world-famous artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration. In her position at Princeton, Morrison used her insights to encourage not merely new and emerging writers, but artists working to develop new forms of art through interdisciplinary play and cooperation.

In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre Museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home."

Morrison's novels

The Bluest Eye (1970)

Morrison wrote her first novel, The Bluest Eye, while raising two children and teaching at Howard University. The novel's protagonist is Pecola Breedlove, a young black girl who prays each night to become a blue-eyed beauty like Shirley Temple. Breedlove's family has numerous problems and she believes everything would be okay if only she had beautiful blue eyes. Through the course of the novel, the narrator, Claudia MacTeer, describes the destruction of Pecola's life. The novel is set in Lorain, Ohio, the town in which Morrison grew up. The novel is controversial not only in its subject matter, but also in its structure. In it, Morrison rejects a chronological structure and a single narrator, as she does in many of her works, in favour of a splintered and multifaceted approach.

Sula (1973)

Sula depicts two black woman friends and their community of Medallion, Ohio. It follows the lives of Sula, considered a threat against the community, and her cherished friend Nel, from their childhood to maturity and to death. The novel was nominated for the National Book Award.

Song of Solomon (1977)

Morrison's third novel, Song of Solomon, brought her national attention. The book was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club (the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940). A family chronicle similar to Alex Haley's Roots, the novel follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, a black man living in Mercy, a city somewhere in Michigan, from birth to adulthood. The novel won the National Book Critics Circle Award.

Tar Baby (1981)

Tar Baby takes place at the Caribbean mansion of a white millionaire Valerian Street and focuses on the themes of racial identity, sexuality, class, and family dynamics.

Beloved (1987)

Beloved is loosely based on the life and legal case of Margaret Garner, an escaped slave who killed her child to prevent the child from being taken into slavery. The book's central figure is Sethe, an escaped slave who murdered her two-year-old daughter, referred to as Beloved, to save her from a life of slavery. The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery, such as sexual abuse and violence. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. When the novel failed to win the National Book Award, a number of writers protested the omission. Beloved was adapted into the 1998 film Beloved starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. Morrison later used Margaret Garner's life story again in the opera of the same name. In May 2006, The New York Times "Book Review" named Beloved the best American novel published in the previous twenty five years.

Jazz (1992)

A haunting and lyrical book, Jazz uses an innovative narrative technique to echo the improvisational character of the eponymous musical form. It focuses on the story of an aging couple and the loss of love they experience.

Paradise (1998)

Paradise was the first novel released by Morrison following her receipt of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Surprisingly little has been written or spoken about it in response, as the manner in which the book covers various socio-political issues is so unprecedented; literary and other critics have yet to address its message and meaning. Paradise details the history and the social upheaval that affects a small, proud all-black town from its creation, told through chapters named for each of the female protagonists. The story takes the reader through history and into the sexual and social revolutions of the mid-20th century. Morrison scholars and critics have referred to Paradise, Beloved, and Jazz as Morrison's "trilogy" because of some similarities that exist between subject matter, female protagonists, and writing style, but Morrison herself has not defined these novels as a group.

Love (2003)

Love is the story of Bill Cosey, a charismatic but dead hotel owner. Or rather, it is about the people around him, all affected by his life — even long after his death. The main characters are Christine, his granddaughter and Heed, his widow. The two are the same age and used to be friends but some forty years after Cosey's death they are sworn enemies, and yet share his mansion. Again Morrison used split narrative and jumps back and forth throughout the story, not fully unfolding until the very end.

Similar to the concept of communication between the living and the dead in Beloved, Morrison introduced a character named Junior; she was the medium to connect the dead Bill Cosey to the world of the living.

Politics

Morrison caused a stir when she called Bill Clinton "the first Black President;" saying "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas."^[1]

She currently holds a place on the editorial board of The Nation magazine.

Works

Novels

• Love (2003; ISBN 0-375-40944-0)
• Paradise (1999; ISBN 0-679-43374-0)
• Jazz (1992; ISBN 1-4000-7621-8)
• Beloved (1987; ISBN 1-4000-3341-1)
• Tar Baby (1981; ISBN 1-4000-3344-6)
• Song of Solomon (1977; ISBN 1-4000-3342-X)
• Sula (1973; ISBN 1-4000-3343-8)
• The Bluest Eye (1970; ISBN 0-452-28706-5)

Children's literature (with Slade Morrison)

• Who's Got Game?: The Mirror or the Glass? (to be released in 2007)
• Who's Got Game?: Poppy or the Snake?, (2004)
• Who's Got Game?: The Ant or the Grasshopper, (2003)
• Who's Got Game?: The Lion or the Mouse?, (2003)
• The Book of Mean People, (2002)
• The Big Box, (2002)

Short stories

• "Recitatif" (1983)

Plays

• Dreaming Emmett (performed 1986)

Libretto

• Margaret Garner (first performed May 2005)

Non-fiction

• Remember:The Journey to School Integration (April 2004)
• Playing in the Dark (1993)
• The Black Book (1974)

Articles

• "This Amazing, Troubling Book" (An analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain)

Quotations

• "My hum is mostly below range, private; suitable for an old woman embarrassed by the world; her way of objecting to how the century is turning out. Where all is known and nothing understood." - From 2003 Love

• "People with no imagination feed it with sex - the clown of love. They don't know the real kinds, the better kinds, where losses are cut and everybody benefits. It takes a certain intelligence to love like that - softly, without props. But the world is such a showpiece..." - From 2003 Love

• "Ruin, falling, losing, mindlessness were not only in our nature now, they signaled our future. Before we even knew who we were, someone we trusted our lives to could, might, would make use of our littleness, our ignorance, our need, and sully us to the bone, disturbing the balance of our lives as theirs had clearly been disturbed." - From 2003 Love

• Hate does that. Burns off everything but itself, so whatever your grievance is, your face looks just like your enemy's. - From 2003 Love

• "It seems to me that the novel is needed by African-Americans now in a way that it was not needed before... Parents do not sit around and tell their children those classical mythological, archetypal stories that we heard before. But new information has got to get out and there are several ways to do it. One is in the novel."

• "I really think the range of emotions and perceptions I have had access to as a black person and as a female person are greater than those of people who are neither... So it seems to me that my world did not shrink because I was a black female writer. It just got bigger."

See also

• African American literature

References

External links

• Literary Encyclopedia biography
• Voices from the Gaps biography
• The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993
• 1987 audio interview by Don Swaim of CBS Radio, 31 min 2 s, RealAudio
• Toni Morrison biography and video interview excerpts by The National Visionary Leadership Project