Tom Murton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thomas Murton (1928 - October 10, 1990), generally known as Tom Murton, was a penologist best known for his wardenship of the prison farms of Arkansas. In 1969, he published an account of the endemic corruption there which created a national scandal, and which was popularized in a fictional version by the 1980 Robert Redford movie, Brubaker.
Contents |
[edit] Personal life
Tom Murton was born in 1928. His parents were E.T. Murton and Bessie Glass Stevens. He had four children, Marquita, Teresa, Melanie (Melanie Sandstrom) and Mark D. Murton.
Murton died of cancer at the age of 62 on October 10, 1990, at a Veterans Affairs Hospital in Oklahoma City.[1]
[edit] Education and penological views
Before his career as a penologist, Murton attained a bachelor's degree in animal husbandry from Oklahoma State University in 1950. He earned a degree in mathematics at Fairbanks, Alaska between 1957 and 1958 with benefits under the GI bill. He enrolled in the University of California (Berkeley) in 1964 and completed a Master of Arts Degree in criminology and satisfied residency requirements for a doctorate in 1966.[2] After he was dismissed from the Arkansas correctional system in 1968, he completed a doctoral degree in criminology at the University of California (Berkeley).[1]
According to his New York Times obituary,
Mr. Murton's ideas on prison reform included treating prisoners with respect, abolishing corporal punishment, providing better food and rooting out extortion and other rackets among the inmates. Vehemently opposed to the death penalty, he dismantled the electric chair at Cummins. He also opposed life sentences. "When you sentence a man to life in prison, with no chance of getting out, he's going to die one day at a time because he knows he's doomed to walk the halls of purgatory for as long as he's alive," he once told an interviewer.[1]
[edit] Career
Murton had helped establish the correctional system of the new state of Alaska during the 1960's.[1]
He was teaching at Southern Illinois University when he was hired to reform the Arkansas prison system in 1968. The book he wrote about his experiences there (with co-author Joe Hyams), Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal, was published in 1970 by Grove Press. He was unable to find work in the correctional industry after that, and believed he had been blackballed for his work in Arkansas.[1]
From 1971 to 1979, he taught at the University of Minnesota. In 1980, he left teaching and returned to farming, raising wheat and ducks on his mother's farm in Deer Creek, Oklahoma, the community where he died, ten years later.[1]
In 1982, he wrote his second book on penal reform, The Dilemma of Prison Reform, published by Irvington Publications. [1]
[edit] Prison scandal
[edit] Hired to end corruption
In the 1960's, Arkansas maintained two large prison "farms," the Tucker State Prison Farm and Cummins State Prison Farm. The farms used over a thousand inmates as forced labor to produce profits which annually "averaged about $1,400,000 over the years..."[3]
In 1967, Arkansas inaugurated a new governor to follow Orval Faubus, who had held that office for twelve years (six terms). Governor Winthrop Rockefeller released a report on the state prison system which had been ordered, and then suppressed by Governor Orval Faubus. The 67-page report detailed horrific conditions at the two state penal farms, including endemic sexual assault, electrical torture, flogging, beatings with blackjacks and hoses, extortion of money from other inmates by the armed prisoners who were working as "trustie" guards (due to the absence of a salaried guard force), open marketing of illegal drugs and alcohol, and a host of other malicious and criminal practices.[3] Particularly ironic, as well as harsh, was the poor quality and quantity of food given the prisoners — on a farm which marketed enough produce and dairy products to produce profits that were averaging $1.4 million (US) in 1960's dollars.
In his own later writings about Tucker, Murton noted the cruelty of the "trusties":
"Discipline was routinely enforced by flogging, beating with clubs, inserting of needles under fingernails, crushing of testicles with pliers, and the last word in torture devices: the 'Tucker telephone,' an instrument used to send an electric current through genitals."[4]
In 1967, along with releasing the Faubus report, Rockefeller sought to reform the system by bringing in Murton, who had made his reputation by helping establish the Alaskan correctional system after that territory achieved statehood in 1959. Murton, then 39 years old, was chosen to be the first professional penologist the state of Arkansas had ever hired as a warden.[1]
In early February of 1968, Murton ordered excavations on the grounds of the Cummins prison farm. Three bodies were uncovered before the excavation was halted, although 15 to 25 depressions were clearly visible and Murton's inmate informant told him that as many as 200 bodies had been buried there. Seemingly not coincidentally, the number of prisoners listed as "escapees" since 1915 was reported as "more than 200."[3]
According to the informant, Reuben Johnson, most of the men had been killed after refusing extortion demands from the "trustie" guards. Their deaths were either falsely recorded as successful escapes; or recorded as deaths, but under false pretenses. Johnson, a lifer, gave details of murders and burials on the prison grounds dating back for decades, including a mass murder of about 20 inmates around Labor Day of 1940. Johnson was backed up by at least one other inmate, James Wilson. Wilson also asserted that returning escapees were routinely murdered.[3]
[edit] Fired to end exposure
The Rockefeller administration, though not directly implicated in crimes which took place before 1967, was deeply embarrassed by the national attention drawn to the brutality Murton revealed. Claims were made that the bodies must have been from a nearby potters field, a cemetery for the poor. However, as Time magazine noted in February of 1968, the cemetery in question was over a mile away from where Murton found the bodies, at least one of which was positively identified as prisoner Joe Jackson, buried by Reuben Johnson on Christmas Eve, 1946.[3]
The skeletons were turned over to another arm of state government, the University of Arkansas Medical Center. At the time, Governor Rockefeller stated his intention to withhold details of the investigation from the public until the Arkansas state police issued a report of their findings, incorporating the University's results. Rockefeller was quoted nationwide when he said that there could be no point in "washing dirty linen for weeks on end as each body is dug up."[3]
Murton's agitation eventually disrupted the Rockefeller administration to the extent that not only was he fired two months after the bodies were exhumed, he was told he had 24 hours to get out of the state, or be arrested for grave-robbing — a charge with a sentence of 21 years, under Arkansas law at that time. He left.[5][6]
Murton was dismissed in early spring, 1968, less than a year after his 1967 hire. Governor Rockefeller claimed that Murton's excavations had become a "sideshow."[1] The governor halted the excavations after the first three bodies were found. The official report by the Rockefeller administration, written by the Arkansas state police, took the position that the bodies must have been from the paupers' cemetery[1]— although the cemetery was a mile away from where the bodies were located.[3]
Murton's book about the scandalous conditions was released the next year, 1969, and the Redford movie was released eleven years later, in 1980.
Murton's career as a correctional administrator was essentially over, and he returned to academia for the next ten years, before returning to farming for the ten years prior to his 1990 death.
[edit] Movie
The book written by Murton and Hyams was published in 1969. In 1980, a fictionalized film treatment starring Robert Redford as "Warden Henry Brubaker" was released to wide acclaim, earning an Oscar nomination. Although the dramatic opening of the film, in which Brubaker impersonates an inmate in order to see the system literally "from inside" before taking up the warden's post, was a fabrication, much of the movie's drama was taken directly from the book.[5]
The fabricated prisoner-impersonation device may have been inspired by Thomas Mott Osborne, a former warden at Sing Sing, who had had himself committed to Auburn Penitentiary in 1913 under an assumed name.[7]
[edit] See also
- Timeline of Arkansas Prison History by Arkansas Department of Corrections, accessed September 13, 2006.
- Brubaker at the Prison Film Project, accessed September 13, 2006.
- http://www.factor8movie.com Factor 8: The Arkansas Prison Blood Scandal movie, includes historical information on Thomas Murton and the Cummins Prison Plasma Program.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Thomas Murton, 62, a Penologist Who Advocated Reforms, Is Dead New York Times obituary, October 19, 1990; accessed September 13, 2006 (paid access). Both of his parents and the four children survived him.
- ^ Thomas O. Murton Has Been a Busy Man for All His 39 Years, Pine Bluff Commercial. January 2, 1968
- ^ a b c d e f g Hell In Arkansas, TIME magazine, February 9, 1968, accessed September 13, 2006 (paid access)
- ^ U.S. Prisons: Myth vs. Mayhem TIME magazine May 5, 1980 essay by Frank Trippett on prison reform, quoting Murton, accessed September 13 2006 (paid access).
- ^ a b A Real Story, Like "Walking Tall" April 15, 2003 Amazon.Com review of Brubaker DVD by Mark D. Murton, accessed September 13, 2006.
- ^ NBC Evening News for Tuesday, Mar 04, 1969 David Brinkley and Douglas Kiker reporting on interviews with Tom Murton and Governor Winthrop Rockefeller, summarized by Vanderbilt University Television News Archive, accessed September 13, 2006 (free archive).
- ^ The Prison Film, by Mike Nellis and Christopher Hale (London: 1982), at p. 12; accessed via The Prison Film Project September 13, 2006.
