Toll (gene)
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The Toll genes encode members of the Toll-like receptor class of proteins. ("Toll" is German for "amazing" or "mad".) Toll genes were originally identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster in 1988. Since then, eleven known mammalian Toll genes have been identified.
In flies, Toll was first identified as a gene important in embryogenesis in establishing the dorsal-ventral axis. In 1996, Toll was found to have a role in the fly's immunity to fungal infections. Both mammalian and invertebrate Toll genes are required for innate immunity.
Toll-like receptors in mammals were identified in 1997 at Yale University by Ruslan Medzhitov and Charles Janeway.
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