Tinder
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Tinder is easily flammable material used to ignite fires by rudimentary methods. A small fire consisting of tinder is then used to ignite kindling. Anything that can be ignited by a match can be considered tinder. Materials commonly used as tinder:
- Dry pine needles, leaves or grass
- Birch bark
- Dead, standing (usually one season old) Goldenrod
- Cloth, lint, or frayed rope (if made from plant fibers and not treated with fire retardant)
- Char Cloth
- Cotton swabs or tampons
- Paper, paper towels, toilet paper, etc.
- Punk wood or charred wood
- Some types of fungus (best known is the Amadou or horse's hoof fungus)
- Bird down
- Small twigs (poor tinder but commonly available)
- Fine-grade soap-coated steel wool
- Shaved magnesium or other alkaline earth metals
Whichever material is used, the thinner it is and the more surface there is, and especially edges, the easier it will ignite. With wood, this can be achieved by shaving slivers off it. One method to keep these together is to make a feather stick. The best wood from a tree is dead branches that haven't fallen to the ground yet.
If a fire is to be lit by sparks rather than matches, char cloth, punkwood, fungus or down are commonly used to catch the sparks. However, fungi should be selected with care as some release toxic fumes on combustion. Char cloth can be made by placing plant-based fabric (usually cotton) in a tin box into a campfire; like charcoal, it is the product of anhydrous pyrolysis. It is very fragile, and should usually be prepared only in small quantities.
Embers of burned paper, leaves and other sheetlike materials are easily carried off by air currents, where they can alight on other objects and ignite them. In outdoor campfires, paper can be wadded up to reduce this hazard; wadded paper also burns more quickly.
Magnesium is sold in stores in shaved or bar form. Shavings burn white-hot, are impossible to smother with carbon dioxide or sand, and can ignite even wet kindling. Solid bars are impossible to ignite under normal conditions (and difficult even with a welding torch), and are thus very safe to carry. Magnesium powder and shavings are pyrophoric (they oxidise rapidly when exposed to the air). It is dangerous to carry pre-shaved magnesium — at best, it loses potency, at worst, it can spontaneously ignite and is then nearly unquenchable. Magnesium bars are sometimes sold with a length of ferrocerium cast into one edge.
