Timeline of labor issues and events

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Timeline of organized labor history

1790s - 1800s - 1810s - 1820s - 1830s - 1840s - 1850s - 1860s - 1870s - 1880s - 1890s - 1900s - 1910s - 1920s - 1930s - 1940s - 1950s - 1960s - 1970s - 1980s

[edit] 1790s

1797 (United States): Profit sharing originated at Albert Gallatin's glass works in New Geneva, Pennsylvania.

[edit] 1800s

1806 (United States): Commonwealth vs. Pullis was the first reported case arising from a labor strike in the United States. After a three day trial, the jury found the defendants guilty of "a combination to raise their wages".

[edit] 1820s

27 April 1825 (United States): Carpenters in Boston were the first to stage a strike for the 10-hour work-day.

[edit] 1830s

3 July 1835 (United States): Children employed in the silk mills in Paterson, New Jersey go on strike for the 11 hour day, 6 days a week.

[edit] 1840s

March 1842 (United States): Commonwealth v. Hunt was a landmark legal decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions. Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize and strike. Before this decision, labor unions which attempted to 'close' or create an unionized workplace could be charged with conspiracy. See Commonwealth vs. Pullis

1847 (Scotland): The Educational Institute of Scotland, the oldest teachers' trade union in the world, was founded.

[edit] 1850s

July 1851 (United States): Two railroad strikers are shot dead and others injured by the state militia in Portage, New York.

21 April 1856 (Australia): Stonemasons and building workers in Melbourne achieve an Eight-hour day, the first organised workers in the world to achieve an 8 hour day, with no loss of pay.

[edit] 1860s

1860 (United States): 800 women operatives and 4,000 workmen marched during a shoemaker's strike in Lynn, Massachusetts.

1866 (United States): National Labor Union formed - 1st national labor federation in the US.

1868 (Germany): The General German Federation of Trade Unions (ADGB) was founded and represented 142,000 workers.^[1]

1869 (United States): Uriah Stephans organized a new union known as the Knights of Labor.

[edit] 1870s

13 January 1874 (United States): The original Tompkins Square Riot. As unemployed workers demonstrated in New York City's Tompkins Square Park, a detachment of mounted police charged into the crowd, beating men, women and children indiscriminately with billy clubs and leaving hundreds of casualties in their wake.

Commented Abram Duryee, the Commissioner of Police: "It was the most glorious sight I ever saw..."

12 February 1877 (United States): Great Railroad Strike -- U.S. railroad workers began strikes to protest wage cuts.^[1]

21 June 1877 (United States): Ten coal-mining activists ("Molly Maguires") were hanged in Pennsylvania.

14 July 1877 (United States): A general strike halted the movement of U.S. railroads. In the following days, strike riots spread across the United States. The next week, federal troops were called out to force an end to the nationwide strike. At the "Battle of the Viaduct" in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, between protesting members of the Chicago German Furniture Workers Union, now Local 1784 of the Carpenters Union, and federal troops (recently returned from an Indian massacre) killed 30 workers and wounded over 100.

[edit] 1880s

5 September 1882 (United States): Thirty thousand workers marched in the first Labor Day parade in New York City.

1883 (Canada): The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada (TLC), a Canada-wide central federation of trade unions was formed.

1884 (United States): The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, forerunner of the American Federation of Labor, passed a resolution stating that "8 hours shall constitute a legal day's work from and after May 1, 1886."

March 1886 (United States): The Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 was a labor union strike against the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads involving more than 200,000 workers.

1 May 1886 (United States): Workers protested in the streets to demand the universal adoption of the eight hour day. Hundreds of thousands of American workers had joined the Knights of Labor.

1 May 1886 (United States): Bay View Tragedy -- About 2,000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at St. Stanislaus Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, angrily denouncing the ten hour workday. The protesters marched through the city, calling on other workers to join them. All but one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills. Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk called the state militia. The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields. On the morning of May 5th, as protesters chanted for the eight hour workday, General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, some of whom were carrying sticks, bricks, and scythes, leaving seven dead at the scene, including a child.^[2]^[3]

The Milwaukee Journal reported that eight more would die within twenty-four hours, adding that Governor Rusk was to be commended for his quick action in the matter.

4 May 1886 (United States): The Haymarket Riot, in Chicago, Illinois, is the origin of international May Day observances.

4 October 1887 (United States): The Louisiana Militia, aided by bands of "prominent citizens," shot 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage, and lynched two strike leaders.

June 1888 (United Kingdom): The London matchgirls strike of 1888 was a strike of the women and teenage girls working at the Bryant and May Factory in Bow, London. The strike was prompted by the poor working conditions in the match factory, including fourteen hour work days, poor pay, excessive fines, and the severe health complications of working with yellow (or white) phosphorus, such as phossy jaw.

[edit] 1890s

25 July 1890 (United States): New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven-month strike. They secured agreements for a closed shop, and firing of all scabs.

6 July 1892 (United States): Homestead Strike -- Pinkerton Guards, trying to pave the way for the introduction of scabs, opened fire on striking Carnegie mill steel-workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania. In the ensuing battle, three Pinkertons surrendered; then, unarmed, they were set upon and beaten by a mob of townspeople, most of them women. Seven guards and eleven strikers and spectators were shot to death.^[4]

11 July 1892 (United States): Coeur d'Alene miners' dispute -- Striking miners in Coeur D'Alene, Idaho dynamited the Frisco Mill, leaving it in ruins.

1894 (United Kingdom): History of Trade Unionism, the influential book by Sidney and Beatrice Webb is first published.

7 February 1894 (United States): In Cripple Creek, Colorado, miners went on strike when mine owners announced an increase from eight to ten hours per day, with no increase in wages. This strike marked perhaps the only time in American history that a state militia was called out to protect miners from sheriff's deputies.

11 May - 10 July 1894 (United States): Pullman Strike -- A nation-wide strike against the Pullman Company begins with a wildcat walkout on 11 May after wages are drastically reduced. On 5 July, the 1892 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago's Jackson Park was set ablaze, and seven buildings were burned to the ground. The mobs raged on, burning and looting railroad cars and fighting police in the streets, until 10 July, when 14,000 federal and state troops finally succeeded in putting down the strike, killing 34 American Railway Union members. Leaders of the strike, including Eugene Debs, were imprisoned for violating injunctions, causing disintegration of the union.^[4]

1895 (France): The Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), was formed. This French union is the oldest confederation still in existence.

21 September 1896 (United States): The state militia was sent to Leadville, Colorado to break a miner's strike.

10 September 1897 (United States): Lattimer Massacre -- 19 unarmed striking coal miners and mine workers were killed and 36 wounded by a posse organized by the Luzerne County sheriff for refusing to disperse near Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The strikers, most of whom were shot in the back, were originally brought in as strike-breakers, but later organized themselves.

1898 (United States): A portion of the Erdman act, which would have made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or discriminate against prospective employees based on their union activities, was declared invalid by the United States Supreme Court.

[edit] 1900s

12 October 1902 (United States): The Anthracite Coal Strike -- Fourteen miners were killed and 22 wounded by scabherders at Pana, Illinois.^[2] The miner get to raise their wages 10% higher and 9-hour day.

23 November 1903 (United States): Colorado Labor Wars -- Troops were dispatched to Cripple Creek, Colorado to defeat a strike by the Western Federation of Miners, with the specific purpose of driving the union out of the district. The strike had begun in the ore mills earlier in 1903, and then spread to the mines.

July 1903 (United States): Labor organizer Mary Harris ("Mother") Jones leads child workers in demanding a 55 hour work week.

23 February 1904 (United States): William Randolph Hearst's San Francisco Chronicle began publishing articles on the menace of Japanese laborers, leading to a resolution of the California Legislature that action be taken against their immigration.

8 June 1904 (United States): A battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Seventy-nine of the strikers were deported to Kansas two days later.

17 April 1905 (United States): The Supreme Court held that a maximum hours law for New York bakery workers was unconstitutional under the due process clause of the 14th amendment.

1908 (United States): The Erdman Act was further weakened when Section 10 was declared unconstitutional. This section had made it illegal for railroad employers to fire employees for being involved in union activities and use "yellow dog" contracts (see 1898).

22 November 1909 (United States): The New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 (Uprising of the 20,000). Female garment workers went on strike in New York; many were arrested. A judge told those arrested: "You are on strike against God."

[edit] 1910s

October 1, 1910 (United States): Los Angeles Times building bombing killed twenty people and destroyed the building. Calling it "the crime of the century," the newspaper's owner Harrison Gray Otis blamed the bombing on the unions, a charge denied by unionists.

25 December 1910 (United States): A dynamite bomb destroyed a portion of the Llewellyn Iron works in Los Angeles, where a bitter strike was in progress. In April 1911 James McNamara and his brother John McNamara, secretary-treasurer of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, were charged with the two crimes. James McNamara pleaded guilty to murder and John McNamara pleaded guilty to conspiracy in the dynamiting of the Llewellyn Iron Works.[3]

1911 (United States): The Supreme Court in Gompers v. Buck's Stove and Range Co. (221 U.S. 418) affirmed a lower court order for the AFL to stop interfering with Buck's Stove and Range Company's business or boycotting its products or distributors.

On June 24, 1912 in the second contempt trial, the defendants (Samuel Gompers, John Mitchell, and Frank Morrison) were again found guilty and sentenced to prison. The Supreme Court overturned the convictions because the new proceedings had not been instituted within the three-year statute of limitations (233 U.S. 604 1914).^[5]

25 March 1911 (United States): Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire -- The Triangle Shirtwaist Company, occupying the top three floors of a ten-story building in New York City, was consumed by fire. One hundred and forty-seven people, mostly women and young girls working in sweatshop conditions, died.

January-March 1912 (United States): Lawrence textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, often known as the "Bread and Roses" strike. Dozens of different immigrant communities united under the leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in a largely successful strike led to a large extent by women. The strike is credited with inventing the moving picket line, a tactic devised to keep strikers from being arrested for loitering.

It also adopted a tactic used before in Europe, but never in the United States, of sending children to sympathizers in other cities when they could not be cared for by strike funds. On 24 February, women attempting to put their children on a train out of town were beaten by police, shocking the nation.^[4]^[6]

18 April 1912 (United States): The National Guard was called out against striking West Virginia coal miners.

11 June 1913 (United States): Police shot three maritime workers (one of whom was killed) who were striking against the United Fruit Company in New Orleans.

5 January 1914 (United States): The Ford Motor Company raised its basic wage from $2.40 for a nine hour day to $5 for an eight hour day.

20 April 1914 (United States): The "Ludlow Massacre." In an attempt to persuade strikers at Colorado's Ludlow Mine Field to return to work, company "guards," engaged by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and other mine operators and sworn into the State Militia just for the occasion, attacked a union tent camp with machine guns, then set it afire. Five men, two women and 12 children died as a result.^[4]^[5]

13 November 1914 (United States): A Western Federation of Miners strike is crushed by the militia in Butte, Montana.

19 January 1915 (United States): World famous labor leader Joe Hill was arrested in Salt Lake City. He was convicted on trumped up murder charges, and was executed 21 months later despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President Woodrow Wilson. In a letter to Bill Haywood shortly before his death he penned the famous words, "Don't mourn - organize!"

On this same day, twenty rioting strikers were shot by factory guards at Roosevelt, New Jersey.

25 January 1915 (United States): The Supreme Court upholds "yellow dog" contracts, which forbid membership in labor unions.

22 July 1916 (United States): A bomb was set off during a "Preparedness Day" parade in San Francisco, killing 10 and injuring 40 more. Thomas J. Mooney, a labor organizer and Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker, were convicted, but were both pardoned in 1939.

19 August 1916 (United States): Strikebreakers hired by the Everett Mills owner Neil Jamison attacked and beat picketing strikers in Everett, Washington. Local police watched and refused to intervene, claiming that the waterfront where the incident took place was Federal land and therefore outside their jurisdiction. (When the picketers retaliated against the strikebreakers that evening, the local police intervened, claiming that they had crossed the line of jurisdiction.)

Three days later, twenty-two union men attempted to speak out at a local crossroads, but each was arrested; arrests and beatings of strikebreakers became common throughout the following months, and on 30 October vigilantes forced IWW speakers to run the gauntlet, subjecting them to whipping, tripping kicking, and impalement against a spiked cattle guard at the end of the gauntlet. In response, the IWW called for a meeting on 5 November. When the union men arrived, they were fired on; seven people were killed, 50 were wounded, and an indeterminate number wound up missing.

7 September 1916 (United States): Federal employees win the right to receive Worker's Compensation insurance.

15 March 1917 (United States): The Supreme Court approved the Eight-Hour Act under the threat of a national railway strike.

12 July 1917 (United States): After seizing the local Western Union telegraph office in order to cut off outside communication, several thousand armed vigilantes forced 1,185 men in Bisbee, Arizona into manure-laden boxcars and "deported" them to the New Mexico desert. The action was precipitated by a strike when workers' demands (including improvements to safety and working conditions at the local copper mines, an end to discrimination against labor organizations and unequal treatment of foreign and minority workers, and the institution of a fair wage system) went unmet. The "deportation" was organized by Sheriff Harry Wheeler. The incident was investigated months later by a Federal Mediation Commission set up by President Woodrow Wilson; the Commission found that no federal law applied, and referred the case to the State of Arizona, which failed to take any action, citing patriotism and support for the war as justification for the vigilantes' action.

1 August 1917 (United States): IWW organizer Frank Little was lynched in Butte, Montana.

5 September 1917 (United States): Federal agents raid the IWW headquarters in 48 cities.

3 June 1918 (United States): A Federal child labor law, enacted two years earlier, was declared unconstitutional. A new law was enacted 24 February 1919, but this one too was declared unconstitutional (on 2 June 1924).

27 July 1918 (Canada): United Mine Workers organizer Ginger Goodwin was shot by a hired private policeman outside Cumberland, British Columbia.

1919 (International): The International Labour Organization (ILO), now a specialized agency of the United Nations, was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations.

26 August 1919 (United States): United Mine Worker organizer Fannie Sellins was gunned down by company guards in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

19 September 1919 (United States): Looting, rioting and sporadic violence broke out in downtown Boston and South Boston for days after 1,117 Boston policemen declared a work stoppage due to their thwarted attempts to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor. Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge put down the strike by calling out the entire state militia.

22 September 1919 - 8 January 1920 (United States): The "Great Steel Strike" began. Ultimately, 350,000 steel workers walked off their jobs to demand union recognition. The AFL Iron and Steel Organizing Committee called off the strike on 8 January 1920, their goals unmet.^[6]

11 November 1919 (United States): Centralia Massacre -- IWW organizer Wesley Everest was lynched after a Centralia, Washington IWW hall was attacked by Legionnaires.

22 December 1919 (United States): Amid a strike for union recognition by 395,000 steelworkers (ultimately unsuccessful), approximately 250 "anarchists," "communists," and "labor agitators" were deported to Russia, marking the beginning of the so-called "Red Scare."

[edit] 1920s

2 January 1920 (United States): The U.S. Bureau of Investigation began carrying out the nationwide Palmer Raids.

19 May 1920 (United States): The Battle of Matewan. Despite efforts by police chief (and former miner) Sid Hatfield and Mayor Cabel Testerman to protect miners from interference in their union drive in Matewan, West Virginia, Baldwin-Felts detectives hired by the local mining company arrived to evict miners and their families from the Stone Mountain Mine camp. A gun battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of 7 detectives, Mayor Testerman, and 2 miners. The movie Matewan is based on the event.

Baldwin-Felts detectives assassinated Sid Hatfield 15 months later, sparking off an armed rebellion of 10,000 West Virginia coal miners at "The Battle of Blair Mountain," dubbed the Redneck war and the "the largest insurrection this country has had since the Civil War." Army troops later intervened against the striking mineworkers in West Virginia.[7]

22 June 1922 (United States): Herrin massacre -- Thirty-six people are killed, 21 of them non-union miners, during a coal-mine strike at Herrin, Illinois.

July 1922 (United States): Great Railroad Strike of 1922

1 September 1922 (United States): Federal judge James H. Wilkerson issues a sweeping injunction against striking, assembling, picketing, and a variety of other union activities, known as the "Daugherty Injunction."

14 June 1923 (United States): Maritime strike. A San Pedro, California IWW hall was raided. Several children were scalded when the hall was demolished.[8][9]

2 June 1924 (United States): Child Labor Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was proposed. Only 28 of the necessary 36 states ever ratified it.

1 May 1925 (China): The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) was officially founded. With 134 million members it is the largest trade union in the world. However many, such as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, maintain the position that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organisation.

25 May 1925 (United States): Two company houses occupied by nonunion coal miners were blown up and destroyed by labor "racketeers" during a strike against the Glendale Gas and Coal Company in Wheeling, West Virginia.

1926 (United States): Textile workers fought with police in Passaic, New Jersey. A year-long strike ensued.

21 November 1927 (United States): Picketing coal miners marching under the banner of the Industrial Workers of the World were massacred in the Columbine mine massacre in the company town of Serene, Colorado.

1928 (United States): The Southern textile strikes of 1929 as the prelude to the wider and more significant strike of the 1930's^[10]

1929 (Australia): The 1929 Timber Workers strike was the first large strike after the onset of the Great Depression in Australia arising from a new timber industry award that increased the working week from 44 to 48 hours and reduced wages. A fifteen month lockout during 1929-1930 of miners on the Northern New South Wales Coalfields was particularly bitter with police shooting at miners, killing Norman Brown and seriously injurying many more at the Rothbury Riot.

[edit] 1930s

3 February 1930 (United States): "Chicagorillas" -- labor racketeers -- shot and killed contractor William Healy, with whom the Chicago Marble Setters Union had been having difficulties.

14 April 1930 (United States): Over 100 farm workers were arrested for their unionizing activities in Imperial Valley, California. Eight were subsequently convicted of "criminal syndicalism."

4 May 1931 (United States): Gun-toting vigilantes attack striking miners in Harlan County, Kentucky.

7 March 1932 (United States): Police kill striking workers at Ford's Dearborn, Michigan plant.

10 October 1933 (United States): 18,000 cotton workers went on strike in Pixley, California. Four were killed before a pay-hike was finally won.

1934 (United States): The Electric Auto-Lite Strike. In Toledo, Ohio, two strikers were killed and over two hundred wounded by National Guardsmen. Some 1300 National Guard troops, including included eight rifle companies and three machine gun companies, were called in to disperse the protestors.

May 1934 (United States): Police stormed striking truck drivers in Minneapolis who were attempting to prevent truck movement in the market area.

1 September - 22 September 1934 (United States): A strike in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, part of a national movement to obtain a minimum wage for textile workers, resulted in the deaths of three workers. Over 420,000 workers ultimately went on strike.

9 November 1935 (United States): The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) was formed to expand industrial unionism.

11 February 1937 (United States): General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers union following a sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan, that began in December 1936.

Two months later, company guards beat up United Auto Workers leaders at the River Rouge Plant, in River Rouge, Michigan.

30 May 1937 (United States): Police kill 10 and wounded 30 during the "Memorial Day Massacre" at the Republic Steel plant in Chicago.

25 June 1938 (United States): The Wages and Hours (later Fair Labor Standards) Act is passed, banning child labor and setting the 40-hour work week. The Act went into effect in October 1940, and was upheld in the Supreme Court on 3 February 1941.

27 February 1939 (United States): The Supreme Court rules that sit-down strikes are illegal.

[edit] 1940s

20 June 1941 (United States): Henry Ford recognizes the UAW.

15 December 1941 (United States): The AFL pledges that there will be no strikes in defense-related industry plants for the duration of the war.

28 December 1944 (United States): President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Army to seize the executive offices of Montgomery Ward and Company after the corporation failed to comply with a National War Labor Board directive regarding union shops.

1946 (United States): Workers in packinghouses nation-wide went on strike.

1 April 1946 (United States): A strike by 400,000 mine workers in the U.S. began. U.S. troops seized railroads and coal mines the following month.

4 October 1946 (United States): The U.S. Navy seized oil refineries in order to break a 20-state post-war strike.

20 June 1947 (United States): The Taft-Hartley Labor Act, curbing strikes, was vetoed by President Truman. Congress overrode the veto.

20 April 1948 (United States): Labor leader Walter Reuther was shot and seriously wounded by would-be assassins.

[edit] 1950s

1950 (International): The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948, one of the two primary labour conventions of the ILO, came into force on July 4.

27 August 1950 (United States): President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize all the nation's railroads to prevent a general strike. The railroads were not returned to their owners until two years later.

1951 (International): The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, one of the two primary labour conventions of the ILO, came into force on July 18.

8 April 1952 (United States): President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize the nation's steel mills to avert a strike. The act was ruled to be illegal by the Supreme Court on 2 June.

April 1955 (United States): Textile workers strike of 1955, in both New Bedford and Fall River, Massachusetts. Strike over a nickel raise was led and negotiated by Union President Manuel "Manny" Fernandes Jr., who resolved the strike and got the workers a nickle raise.

5 December 1955 (United States): The two largest labor organizations in the U.S. merged to form the AFL-CIO, with a membership estimated at 15 million.

April 1956 (Canada): The largest Canadian trade union centre, the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), was formed.

5 April 1956 (United States): Columnist Victor Riesel, a crusader against labor racketeers, was blinded in New York City when a hired assailant threw sulfuric acid in his face.

14 September 1959 (United States): The Landrum-Griffin Act passes, restricting union activity.

7 November 1959 (United States): The Taft-Hartley Act is invoked by the Supreme Court to break a steel strike.

[edit] 1960s

1 April 1963 (United States): The longest newspaper strike in U.S. history ended. The 9 major newspapers in New York City had ceased publication over 100 days before.

10 June 1963 (United States): Congress passes a law mandating equal pay to women.

1968 (France)

May 1968 - What began as a student protest developed into a nationwide general strike.

[edit] 1970s

5 January 1970 (United States): Joseph A. Yablonski, unsuccessful reform candidate to unseat "Tough Tony" Boyle as President of the United Mine Workers, was murdered, along with his wife and daughter, in their Clarksville, Pennsylvania home by assassins acting on Boyle's orders. Boyle was later convicted of the killing.

West Virginia miners went on strike the following day in protest.

18 March 1970 (United States): The first mass work stoppage in the 195-year history of the United States Post Office Department began with a walkout of letter carriers in Brooklyn and Manhattan, soon involving 210,000 of the nation's 750,000 postal employees. With mail service virtually paralyzed in New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia, President Nixon declared a state of national emergency and assigned military units to New York City post offices. The stand-off culminated two weeks later.

29 July 1970 (United States): United Farm Workers forced California grape growers to sign an agreement after a five-year strike.

1979 (United States): The film Norma Rae, based on a real life character trying to unionize a textile mill, is released. It wins an Academy Award for best actress.

[edit] 1980s

3 August 1981 (United States): Federal air traffic controllers began a nationwide strike after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract. Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and were dismissed by President Reagan on 5 August.

October 1982 (United States): A boycott was initiated by the Industrial Association of Machinists (IAM) against Brown & Sharpe. The National Labor Relations Board later charged Brown & Sharpe with regressive bargaining, and of entering into negotiations with the express purpose of not reaching an agreement with the union. (See IAM for more details.).

1984 (United States): Hormel meat strike fails. The documentary American Dream chronicles the strike.

1985 (Vatican City): The Association of Vatican Lay Workers was formed, but was not recognised by the Vatican authorities until 1993. It is the sole trade union in Vatican City and represents the majority of the 3000 employees who work in the city state.

6 October 1986 (United States): Female flight attendants won an 18-year lawsuit against United Airlines, which had fired them for getting married. The lawsuit was resolved when a U.S. district court approved the reinstatement of 475 attendants and $37 million back-pay settlement for 1,725 flight attendants. (United Airlines, Inc. v. McDonald, 432 U.S. 385 (1977))[11] [12]

[edit] See also

Organized Labour Portal

[edit] References

^ (2005) in ICTUR et al,: Trade Unions of the World, 6th, London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
^ Wisconsin Labor History Society: Bay View Story
^ Bay View Massacre, Milwaukee County Genealogy
^ ^a ^b ^c Yellen, Samuel (1974 (1936)). American Labor Struggles. Anchor Foundation. ISBN 0-913460-33-8.
^ The Samuel Gompers Papers
^ Watson, Bruce (2005). Bread and Roses. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03397-9.

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