Timeline of Israeli leaders

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The following is a list of Israeli leaders since the time of Abraham.

For thousands of years, Jews have lived in their homeland, sometimes as an independent polity, sometimes not. But the information below is only based on the leadership of the Jews in Israel.

Contents

[edit] The Patriarchs

[edit] Sojourn in Egypt

According to the last chapter of Genesis, Jacob moves, with his family, to Egypt, and toward the end of his life, gave the dominant blessing to Joseph's younger son, Ephraim, as opposed to the oldest son Menasseh as was custom. Therefore, it is assumed Ephraim and his descendants (which are mentioned in I Chronicles 7:20-21) held the leadership of the Israelites during the slavery period in Egypt, until the time of Moses, although the Bible never mentions this specifically.

[edit] Sinai Period

[edit] The Judges

[edit] House of Saul

[edit] House of David

[edit] After Rehoboam

After Rehoboam, the kingdom was divided in two - the northern kingdom of Israel with its capital, first in Shechem (Nablus), then Tirzah, and finally Samaria, and ruled by a series of dynasties beginning with Jeroboam; and the southern kingdom of Judah with its capital still at Jerusalem and continuing to be ruled by the House of David. The following list contain the kings of Judah with the kings of Israel in the summaries:

  • Abijah
  • Asa - under whose reign, the following were kings in Israel: *Nadab, Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri, and Ahab.
  • Jehoshaphat - under whose reign, Ahaziah and Yehoram reigned in Israel.
  • Yehoram ben Yehoshaphat
  • Ahaziah ben Yehoram - under whose reign, Jehu ruled in Israel.
  • Athaliah
  • Yehoash - under whose reign, Yehoahaz and another Yehoash ruled in Israel.
  • Amaziah - under whose reign, Jeroboam II ruled in Israel.
  • Uzziah - under whose reign, the following ruled over Israel: Zachariah, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah, and Pekah.
  • Yotam
  • Ahaz - under whose reign, Hoshea ruled over Israel.
  • Hezekiah - under his reign, the Assyrian Empire conquered and destroyed the northern kingdom 722BCE leaving only the southern kingdom of Judah.
  • Menasseh
  • Amon
  • Josiah
  • Yehoahaz
  • Yakim
  • Yachin
  • Zedekiah - last king to rule over, and in, Judah. Overthrown by Babylonia (which succeeded Assyria) and exiled, along with most of the rest of the population, to that kingdom, where he was executed. Yachin resumed the throne as king-in-exile (II Kings 25:27-30) and Gedaliah became governor over the remnant of Judah in their homeland.

[edit] Babylonian Captivity

  • Yachin
  • Daniel (Book of Daniel 4:48)

[edit] Return to Judea Under the House of David

Persia succeeded Babylonia 538BCE and King Cyrus allowed the Jews to return to their homeland.

[edit] The High Priesthood

Beginning c.late 5th century BCE, while Judea was under Persian, and then Greek governors, the Jews maintained their automony through their High Priests who were the descendants of Aaron, brother of Moses and the first High Priest.

  • Yehozadak - during the exile
  • Yeshua - during the return
  • Yakim
  • Eliashiv
  • Yehoiada
  • Yohanan
  • Yaddua
  • Onias I
  • Shimon haTzedek
  • Eleazar
  • Menasseh
  • Onias II - during his time, Judea passed to the overlordship of the Syrian Greeks.
  • Shimon II
  • Onias III
  • Jason
  • Meneleus

[edit] House of Hasmon (The Maccabees) 168BCE-37BCE

  • Mattityahu
  • Judah - during whose reign, Alcimus succeeded Menelaeus as high

priest.

  • Jonathan - assumed the high priesthood.
  • Simon - succeeded his brother Jonathan as high priest and was also installed as ethnarch and commander-in-chief.
  • John Hyrcanus I - also succeeded as high priest.
  • Aristobulus - also high priest.
  • Alexander Jannaeus - high priest and king.
  • Salome Alexandra
  • Hyrcanus II - succeeded Alexander as high priest beginning with the rule of Salome.
  • Aristobulus II - succeeded as high priest. During his rule, Judea passed under the occupation of Rome who overthrew him and

reinstalled: Hyrcanus II as high priest

[edit] House of Herod 37BCE-70CE

  • Herod - during whose reign, Anan became the 1st in a series of high priests.
  • Archelaeus 4BCE-6CE

[edit] After Archelaeus

After Archelaeus, there ruled a series of Roman governors over Judea, however, the Jews kept their autonomy. They continued to be ruled in their religious life by the high priests, appointed by the Roman governors, and in their civil life by the Sanhedrin under the Nasi. The Sanhedrin was believed to have begun with Ezra, and continued under the line of the House of David. The following list is that of the Nesiim. The corresponding High Priests are mentioned in the summaries:

  • Hillel 20BCE-16CE - under whose rule, the following were High Priests: Matityahu ben Theophilus 20BCE?-4BCE, Yoazar, Eleazar ben Boethus, Joshua, Anan ben Seth, and Ishmael.
  • Shimon haNasi - under whose rule, the following were High Priests: Eleazar ben Anan, Shimon ben Camithus, and Joseph Caiaphas.
  • Gamliel I - under whose rule, the following were High Priests: Jonathan ben Anan & Theophilus ben Anan. During the rule of Gamliel, the House of Herod was restored and:
  • Agrippa I - assumed the throne of Judea. He appointed as High Priest: Shimon Cantheras, Matityahu ben Anan, Aljoneus, and Jonathan ben Anan.
  • Herod II - successor to Agrippa I and appointed as High Priests: Josephus ben Camydus, Anan ben Nebedeus, and Jonathan.
  • Agrippa II - appointed as High Priests: Ishmael ben Fabus, Joseph Cabi, Anan ben Artanus, Joshua ben Damneus, Joshua ben Gamliel, Matityahu ben Theophilus, Pinhas ben Shmuel. During the reign of Agrippa II, the great revolt began against Rome in 66CE, the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem occurred in 70CE, the abolition of the high priesthood, and the final defeat at Massada. Agrippa II was exiled to Rome during the revolt where he died.

[edit] The Sanhedrin

The Sanhedrin continued to be ruled by the House of David. The majority, but not all Jews were exiled from Judea after the revolt and until the 4th century, the Jews still maintained a majority in the homeland. Afterwards, they became a minority and in that capacity they remained, until the birth of the modern State of Israel in 1948.

  • Shimon II - served as Nasi during the last years of the revolt.
  • Yohanan ben Zakkai - served after the destruction of the Temple. He moved the Sanhedrin to Yavneh.
  • Hanina bar Hama
  • Gamliel II
  • Hanina ben Gamliel
  • Eliezer
  • Akiva - during whose reign was the Bar Kochba Revolt against Rome 132-135. After the revolt was crushed, Jews were banned from

entering or living in Jerusalem. The Sanhedrin moved around to different towns in the Galilee.

permanent home in Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee.

  • Judah III
  • Hillel II
  • Gamliel V
  • Gamliel VI - probably during his reign, in 395, Palestine passed under the rule of the Christian Byzantine Empire. In 415, the office of the Sanhedrin was abolished by the Byzantine authorities, but it continued to function secretly. The following leaders are to be found in [1]
  • Gurya
  • Mar Zutra II
  • Jacob
  • Shemaiah
  • Haninah - possibly under his rule, Persia briefly conquered

Palestine from the Byzantines 614-628, and installed a Persian Jew, Nehemiah ben Hushiel, as governor of Jerusalem until they overthrew him 617.[2] The Byzantines reconquered Palestine in 628.

  • Megas - possibly under his rule, the Arabs conquered Palestine from the Byzantines, 636, and allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem.
  • Misa
  • Nehemiah
  • Abdimi
  • Pinhas
  • Catzuv - beginning c.767, Anan ben David, the founder of the Karaite movement within Judaism, emigrated from Babylonia and settled in Jerusalem where he, and his descendants styled

themselves "Patriarchs" of Israel, effectively making Jerusalem, the renewed seat of Jewish leadership. They were in constant conflict with the rabbis in Tiberias who sought to undermine Anan's authority. But Karaite authority in Palestine continued to hold out for another 2 generations. The Karaite Synagogue in Jerusalem which was built by Anan, legend says, is still in existence. Anan was succeeded by his son Saul, and then by his son Josiah[3].

  • Yehudah ben Alan
  • Musa - it was probably about this time, 9th century, that the

Karaites were overthrown and the Jewish leadership was transferred from Tiberias back to Jerusalem. Anan's descendants settled, therefore, in Egypt and the office of the Sanhedrin was then transformed to:

[edit] Geon Yaacov

Geon Yaacov under the rule of the House of David[4]

  • Moses
  • Meir
  • Zemah
  • Aharon ben Meir
  • Avraham ben Aharon
  • Aharon ben Avraham
  • Yosef ben Ezron
  • Shmuel ben Yosef
  • Yosi ben Shmuel
  • Shemaiah ben Yosi
  • Josiah ben Aharon
  • Shlomo ben Yosef
  • Shlomo ben Yehudah
  • Daniel ben Azariah

[edit] Geon Yaacov in Exile

  • Eliahu ben Shlomo - ruled from Jerusalem 1062, fled to Tyre upon the conquest of the Seljuk Turks 1077. Shlomo Hanasi took over

leadership in Jerusalem, but was under the authority of Eliahu until the conquest of the Crusaders 1099[5]. Many Palestinian refugees fled the Crusaders and settled in Egypt where they formed a separate community in Fostat (Cairo).

  • Aviatar ben Eliahu - split in Geon Yaacov, moved to Tripoli 1103. During his reign, his brother:
  • Shlomo ben Eliahu - moved Geon Yaacov to Hadrak near Damascus, and he was later joined by Aviatar 1109.
  • Matzliah ben Shlomo - ruled from Hadrak but later moved to lead the Palestinian community in Fostat.
  • Avraham ben Matzhir - ruled simultaneously from Hadrak, then moved to Damascus, but later, moved to Fostat where he succeeded

Matzliah.

  • Ezra ben Avraham - ruled from Damascus.
  • Shmuel ben Hananiah - ruled from Fostat.
  • Moshe Halevy - ruled from Fostat. During his reign, a Petrus Judeaus swore allegiance to Crusader King Baldwin III in Jerusalem 1156 [6].
  • Netanel ben Moshe - ruled from Fostat.
  • Sar Shalom - ruled from Fostat.
  • Zadok - ruled from Damascus but was forced to resign, thus, ending Geon Yaacov in Damascus and the remnant of the House of David. The following ruled only from Fostat with the title Nagid. The person who held this title also had authority over the Land of Israel.[7]
  • Maimonides 1165-1204 - succeeded as Nagid in Egypt. During his

reign, there were repeated attempts to revive the Jewish community in Jerusalem. Two of the most prominent rabbis there during this time were Hananiah ben Yehudah, and Yehiel ben Yitzhak who inquired of Maimonides how to dispose of a certain amount of money. [8] In 1187, Saladin conquered Palestine from the Crusaders resulting in increased tension and violence between Christians and Muslims in Israel. Soon after Saladin's conquest, it was decided by the rabbis in Egypt that a "vice-Nagid" would be appointed to oversee internal Palestinian affairs. The first two who held this title was Hillel ben Moshe and Ovadiah ben Ulah.[9]

  • Avraham ben Moshe
  • David ben Avraham - under his rule, Yehiel ben Yoseph, who came from Paris in 1257, led the Jews in Palestine from his Midrash

haGadol d'Parisi in Acre. He was succeeded by Moshe ben Nahman who revived Jerusalem 1267 and built a synagogue which became known as the Nahmanides Synagogue, where the chief rabbinate would preside until the 16th century [10]. In 1270, he was succeeded by Solomon Petit who came from France [11]. In 1291, the Mameluke Egyptians brought Palestine under their full control and David ben Avraham's son:

  • Avraham ben David co-ruled with his father in Egypt until 1300 after which, his ruled alone.
  • Moshe ben Avraham - During his rule, the noted geographer Ashturi Farhi came from France in c.1306 and went to Jerusalem where he studied with Baruch Ashkenazi who probably led the Jews of Palestine[12]. If this assumption is true, then he was succeeded by Isaac Hatikvah [13].
  • Yehoshua ben Avraham
  • David ben Yehoshua
  • Amram - who mentions in a letter c.1380 a certain rabbi Yoseph ben Eliezer Tov Elem who lived in Jerusalem [14].
  • Shimon
  • Yosef ben Ovadiah - during whose reign, Elijah of Ferrara was chief rabbi of Palestine c.1435 [15].
  • Abd al Latif - at mid century, Abraham Halevy was chief rabbi of Palestine [16].
  • Yosef ben Khalifah
  • Shlomo ben Yosef - during whose reign, Shalom Ashkenazi was chief rabbi of Palestine [17].
  • Natan Sholal - during whose reign, Ovadiah di Bertinoro was chief rabbi of Palestine [18]. For a brief period, he was chief rabbi in Hebron and Isaac ibn Haim ruled in Jerusalem in his place [19] until his return to Jerusalem. Beginning in the last years of Natan's reign, Jacob of Trijal succeeded as chief rabbi of Palestine and under Natan's successor:
  • Isaac Sholal - Jacob was succeeded by Judah Albotini who ruled Palestine until the conquest by the Ottoman Turks 1516 when the office of Nagid of Egypt was abolished and Isaac sought to make the Palestinian rabbinate more independent of the Egyptian rabbinate. Shortly after the Ottoman conquest, he settled in Jerusalem and became successor to Albotini[20].

[edit] The Chief Rabbinate

  • Levi ibn Habib - ruled from Jerusalem but in 1538, Rabbi Jacob Berab sought to revive the sanhedrin in Safed, thus making that city, the competing capital of Israel. He was opposed and exiled by ibn Habib and the rabbis of Jerusalem but Safed remained the competing capital for a number of years thereafter. Berab was succeeded in Safed by Joseph Caro who was ordained by him.
  • David ibn Abi Zimra - ruled simultaneously in Jerusalem succeeding ibn Habib. In 1575, Moshe Trani succeeded Caro in Safed.
  • Moshe Galante I - ruled from Jerusalem
  • Haim Vital - succeeded Trani in Safed but moved his rabbinate to Jerusalem which, once again, became the sole capital of Israel. In 1586, the Nahmanides Synagogue was confiscated by the Arabs and the ben Zakkai Synagogue was built in its stead.
  • Bezalel Ashkenazi - first chief rabbi to preside in the ben Zakkai Synagogue [21].

Gedaliah Cordovero [22]

[edit] Rishon L'Tzion 1665-1842

[26]

  • Moshe Galante II
  • Moshe ibn Habib
  • Moshe Hayun
  • Avraham Yitzhaki
  • Benjamin Maali
  • Eleazar Nahum
  • Nissim Mizrahi
  • Isaac Rapaport
  • Israel Algazy
  • Raphael Meyouchas
  • Haim ben Asher
  • Yom Tov Algazy - during whose reign, the French armies of Napoleon invaded Palestine.
  • Moshe Meyouchas
  • Jacob Aish
  • Jacob Coral
  • Joseph Hazzan
  • Yom Tov Danon
  • Solomon Suzin - in 1831, Palestine was briefly conquered by Egypt under Muhammad Ali.
  • Jonah Navon - Palestine returned to the Ottoman Empire.
  • Judah Navon

[edit] The Haham Bashi 1842-1918

[27]

  • Avraham Haim Gaggin
  • Isaac Covo
  • Haim Abulafia
  • Haim Hazzan
  • Avraham Ashkenazi
  • Raphael Panigel
  • Yaacov Eliashar
  • Yaacov Meir
  • Eliahu Panigel
  • Nahman Batito
  • Nissim Danon - In 1917, Palestine was conquered by the British. Danon was succeeded as chief rabbi after WWI by Haim Moshe Eliashar who assumed the title of Acting Chief Rabbi. They controlled religious affiars while:

[edit] The Va'Ad Le'Umi 1918-1948

The Va'Ad Le'Umi conjointly with the Jewish Agency, controlled civil affiars, as defined by a British Mandatory Ordinance. The office of chief rabbi continues to this day, but the following list only contains the elected chairmen of the Va'ad Le'umi.[28]

  • Yaacov Thon
  • David Yellin
  • Pinhas Rutenberg
  • Yitzhak Ben Zvi - elected as chairman in the 1931 elections, held the office until independence in 1948. In the 1944 elections, *David Remez was elected as chairman while ben Zvi assumed the title of President.

[edit] The Prime Minister 1948-

[edit] References

  1. ^ The Jews of Egypt and Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs by Prof. Gerson D. Cohen - "From the Conquest of Egypt by Jauhar to the End of al-Hakim's Reign." pp. 58-9
  2. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica ed. by Cecil Roth - vol. 9 - "Israel - History - The Persian Invasion" - cols. 258-9
  3. ^ The Indestructible Jews by Max I. Dimont - p. 201; Encyclopedia Judaica - vol. 10 col. 295 & vol. 14 col. 918
  4. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - vol. 7 - "Gaon" - cols. 321-4
  5. ^ Egypt and Palestine - "Conditions in Palestine and in Syria - Nesiim and Geonim" - p. 199
  6. ^ www.jewishencyclopedia.com "Jerusalem - During the Crusades"
  7. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - vol.2 col. 151; vol.12 col. 759
  8. ^ Egypt and Palestine - "Egyptian Affairs from about 1050CE to the Period of Maimonides (d. 1204CE)" - pp. 240-1 n. 353
  9. ^ ibid. - "The Communal Organization" - p. 257
  10. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Nahmanides" - v.12 col. 776
  11. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - vol. 5 col. 1348, vol. 10 col. 6
  12. ^ ibid. - vol. 6, col. 918
  13. ^ www.jewishencyclopedia.com "Jerusalem - Ashkenazim and Sephardim"
  14. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Amram" - vol. 2 col. 890
  15. ^ www.jewishencyclopedia.com "Jerusalem - Ashkenazim and Sephardim"
  16. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Abraham Ha-Levi" - vol. 2 col. 158
  17. ^ www.jewishencyclopedia.com "Jerusalem - Meshullam of Volterra"
  18. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Bertinoro, Obadiah" - vol. 4 cols. 698-9
  19. ^ The Jews in Their Land by David ben Gurion
  20. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Albotini" - vol. 2 cols. 537-8; "Sholal, Isaac" - vol. 14 col. 1453
  21. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Levi ben Habib" - vol. 11 col. 99; "Berab, Jacob" - vol. 4 cols. 582-4; "Caro, Joseph" - vol. 5 col. 194; "Galante, Moses (I)" - vol. 7 col. 260; "Ashkenazi, Bezalel" - vol. 3 col. 723; www.jewishencyclopedia.com "Jerusalem - Jacob Berab and ibn Habib"
  22. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Cordovero, Gedaliah" - vol. 5 col. 967
  23. ^ ibid. - "Benjamin, Baruch" - vol. 4 col. 527; "Benjamin, Israel" - vol. 4 col. 528
  24. ^ www.jewishencyclopedia.com "Jerusalem - Solomon al-Gazi's Description"
  25. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Garmison, Samuel" - vol. 7 col. 329
  26. ^ ibid. - "Rishon Le-Zion" vol. 14 col. 193; www.jewishencyclopedia.com - "Jerusalem - In the Eighteenth Century" "In the Nineteenth Century" "Albert Cohn and Ludwig Frankl"
  27. ^ ibid. "Jews of Jerusalem" "Institutions"; Encyclopedia Judaica - "Israel, State of" - Religious Life and Communities - vol. 9 cols. 889-90
  28. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica - "Israel, State of" - Governance - Jewish Communal Organization - The Asefat ha-Nivharim and the Va'ad Le'ummi - vol. 9 cols. 608-9
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