Timeline of Banksia

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Banksia serrata as painted by Sydney Parkinson during the voyage on which the genus was first collected.
Banksia serrata as painted by Sydney Parkinson during the voyage on which the genus was first collected.

This is a timeline of developments in knowledge and understanding of the Australian plant genus Banksia:

Contents

[edit] 18th century

Joseph Banks
Joseph Banks
The genus Banksia was first published by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his 1782 Supplementum Plantarum.
The genus Banksia was first published by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his 1782 Supplementum Plantarum.
B. praemorsa was one of the first two Banksia species collected from Western Australia.
B. praemorsa was one of the first two Banksia species collected from Western Australia.

[edit] 19th century

Robert Brown was a key figure in the collection and study of Banksia in the 19th century.
Robert Brown was a key figure in the collection and study of Banksia in the 19th century.
B.prionotes
B.prionotes
B. petiolaris
B. petiolaris
George Bentham's 1870 arrangement of Banksia would stand for over 100 years.
George Bentham's 1870 arrangement of Banksia would stand for over 100 years.
Stirling Ranges, Western Australia
Stirling Ranges, Western Australia
  • 1869 — Mueller publishes B. oreophila as B. quercifolia var. integrifolia; this would later be promoted to species rank, forcing a rename.
  • 1870 — George Bentham publishes a new arrangement for Banksia in his Flora Australiensis. No new species are published; in fact Bentham reduces the number of species from 60 to 46. Bentham's classification uses two subgenera and four sections, and would stand for over 100 years.
  • 1891 - Otto Kuntze challenges Banksia L.f. on grounds of precedence of Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, proposing the name Sirmuellera Kuntze in place of Banksia L.f. The challenge fails.
  • 17 September 1891 – Richard Helms collects the first specimen of B. elderiana (Swordfish Banksia) in the Great Victoria Desert.
  • 1896 — Mueller and Ralph Tate publish B. elderiana.

[edit] 20th century

In 1981, Alex George published The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), the first thorough revision of the genus for over a century.
In 1981, Alex George published The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), the first thorough revision of the genus for over a century.
The Banksia Atlas project greatly increased knowledge of the distribution, habitat and diversity of Banksia.
The Banksia Atlas project greatly increased knowledge of the distribution, habitat and diversity of Banksia.
  • December 1926 — Charles Gardner collects the first specimens of B. violaceae (Violet Banksia) and B. audax.
  • 1928 — These two species are published by Gardner.
  • 1930 - Edwin Ashby collects the first specimen of B. ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia) near Yuna, Western Australia.
  • c. 1930 — William Burdett collects the first specimen of B. burdettii (Burdett's Banksia) near Watheroo, Western Australia.
  • 1934 — Edmund Baker publishes B. ashbyi and B. burdettii.
  • January 1940 — Gardner collects the first specimen of B. benthamiana (Bentham's Banksia) from Dalwallinu, Western Australia.
  • July 1958 — Gardner collects the first specimen of B. laricina (Rose-fruited Banksia) from Beermullah, Western Australia.
  • 1960 — Gardner collects the first specimen of B. pilostylis (Marsh Banksia) near Young River, Western Australia.
  • 27 November 1962 — James Willis collects type material for B. canei (Mountain Banksia) after nurseryman William Cane draw attention to its distinctness.
  • 1 January 1964 — Alex George collects the first specimen of B. laevigata subsp. fuscolutea east of Hyden, Western Australia.
  • 1964 — Gardner publishes B. laricina, B. pilostylis and B. benthamiana.
  • 1966 — George publishes B. laevigata subsp. fuscolutea.
  • March 1966 — Gardner collects the first specimen of B. lullfitzii from Koorarawalyee, Western Australia. He publishes it later that year.
  • 1967 — Willis publishes B. canei.
  • 1974 — Celia Rosser begins a 25-year project to paint every Banksia species.
  • 1975 — L. A. S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs publish their taxonomic arrangement of the Proteaceae. Banksia is placed in subfamily Grevilleoideae, tribe Banksieae, and subtribe Banksiinae, alongside its close relative Dryandra.
  • 1981 — George publishes The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), in which he presents the first major revision of the genus for over a century. Ten new species and nine new varieties are published: B. aculeata (Prickly Banksia), B. chamaephyton (Fishbone Banksia), B. conferta (Glasshouse Banksia) (and therefore also the autonym B. conferta var. conferta, now B. conferta subsp. conferta), B. conferta var. penicillata (now B. conferta subsp. penicillata), B. cuneata (Matchstick Banksia), B. ericifolia var. macrantha (now B. ericifolia subsp. macrantha), B. gardneri var. brevidentata, B. gardneri var. hiemalis, B. grossa (Coarse Banksia), B. integrifolia var. aquilonia (now B. aquilonia), B. lanata (Coomallo Banksia), B. littoralis var. seminuda (now B. seminuda), B. meisneri var. ascendens (now B. meisneri subsp. ascendens), B. micrantha, B. nutans var. cernuella, B. plagiocarpa (Dallachy's Banksia), B. saxicola (Grampians Banksia), B. scabrella (Burma Road Banksia), B. sphaerocarpa var. caesia, B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla and B. telmatiaea (Swamp Fox Banksia). B. collina is demoted to B. spinulosa var. collina, and B. cunninghamii was demoted to B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii. A new infrageneric classification is proposed, and lectotypes are declared for most pre-existing Banksia taxa.
  • 1984 — Barbara Rye promotes B. littoralis var. seminuda to species rank as B. seminuda.
  • 1984 - George publishes The Banksia Book.
  • February 1984 - Commencement of The Banksia Atlas project, a three-year nationwide program that mobilised over 400 volunteers to make field observations of Banksia specimens.
  • 1987 George publishes B. epica, B. oligantha (Wagin Banksia), B. leptophylla var. melletica and B. spinulosa var. neoanglica, all of which were discovered during The Banksia Atlas project.
  • 1988 — Publication of The Banksia Atlas.
  • 1996 — Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges publish A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia, in which they propose a number of changes to George's taxonomic arrangement.
  • 1996 — George promotes B. integrifolia subsp. aquilonia to species rank as B. aquilonia.
  • 1999 — George publishes a monograph on the taxonomy of Banksia as part of the Flora of Australia book series. Most of Thiele and Ladiges' changes are rejected.

[edit] 21st century

B. rosserae, the most recently discovered and described Banksia species.
B. rosserae, the most recently discovered and described Banksia species.
  • 2000 — Rosser's project to paint every Banksia species concludes with the publication of the third and final volume of her monograph The Banksias.
  • September 2000 — John Cullen collects the first specimen of B. rosserae.
  • 2000 — Peter Olde and Neil Marriott publish B. rosserae.
  • 2002 and 2005 — Austin Mast and co-authors publish cladistic analyses of genetic data, that suggest two large Banksia clades, which they name "/Cryptostomata" ("hidden stomates") and "/Phanerostomata" ("visible stomates"). Their results also strongly suggest that Banksia is polyphyletic with Dryandra.


[edit] References

  • George, A. S. (1984). The Banksia Book. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press in association with The Society For Growing Australian Plants — NSW. ISBN 0-86417-143-9. 
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