Thule

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Thule as Tile on the Carta Marina by Olaus Magnus.
Thule as Tile on the Carta Marina by Olaus Magnus.
For other uses, see Thule (disambiguation).

Thule (also Thula, Thyle, Thile, Thila, Tile, Tila, Tilla, Tyle, or Tylen—being Θούλη in Greek) is in classic sources a place, usually an island. Ancient European descriptions and maps locate it either in the far north, often northern Britain or Scandinavia, or in the west and north, often Iceland or Greenland. Otherwise it is Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea.[citation needed]

Ultima Thule in medieval geographies may also denote any distant place located beyond the "borders of the known world." Some people use Ultima Thule as the Latin name for Greenland when Thule is used for Iceland.

Regarding pronunciation Joanna Kavenna[1] writes that the name has been pronounced most frequently as Thoolay rather than Thool. "Poets rhymed Thule with newly, truly and unruly, but never, it seemed, with drool."

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[edit] Ancient geography

The Greek explorer Pytheas is the first to have written of Thule, doing so in his now lost work, On the Ocean, after his travels between 330 BC and 320 BC. He supposedly was sent out by the Greek city of Massalia to see where their trade-goods were coming from.[2] Descriptions of some of his discoveries have survived in the works of later, often skeptical, authors.

For example Polybius in his Histories (c. 140 BC), Book XXXIV, cites Pytheas as one "who has led many people into error by saying that he traversed the whole of Britain on foot, giving the island a circumference of forty thousand stades, and telling us also about Thule, those regions in which there was no longer any proper land nor sea nor air, but a sort of mixture of all three of the consistency of a jellyfish in which one can neither walk nor sail, holding everything together, so to speak."

Strabo in his Geography (c. 30), Book I, Chapter 4, mentions Thule in describing Eratosthenes' calculation of "the breadth of the inhabited world" and notes that Pytheas says it "is a six days' sail north of Britain, and is near the frozen sea." But he then doubts this claim, writing that Pytheas has "been found, upon scrutiny, to be an arch falsifier, but the men who have seen Britain and Ierne (Ireland) do not mention Thule, though they speak of other islands, small ones, about Britain." Strabo adds the following in Book II, Chapter 5:

Now Pytheas of Massilia tells us that Thule, the most northerly of the Britannic Islands, is farthest north, and that there the circle of the summer tropic is the same as the arctic circle. But from the other writers I learn nothing on the subject—neither that there exists a certain island by the name of Thule, nor whether the northern regions are inhabitable up to the point where the summer tropic becomes the arctic circle.

Strabo ultimately concludes, in Book IV, Chapter 5, "Concerning Thule, our historical information is still more uncertain, on account of its outside position; for Thule, of all the countries that are named, is set farthest north."

Nearly a half century later, in 77, Pliny the Elder published his Natural History in which he also cites Pytheas' claim (in Book II, Chapter 75) that Thule is a six-day sail north of Britain. Then, when discussing the islands around Britain in Book IV, Chapter 16, he writes: "The farthest of all, which are known and spoke of, is Thule; in which there be no nights at all, as we have declared, about mid-summer, namely when the Sun passes through the sign Cancer; and contrariwise no days in mid-winter: and each of these times they suppose, do last six months, all day, or all night." Finally, in refining the island's location, he places it along the most northerly parallel of those he describes, writing in Book VI, Chapter 34,: "Last of all is the Scythian parallel, from the Rhiphean hills into Thule: wherein (as we said) it is day and night continually by turns (for six months)."

Other late classical writers and post-classical writers such as Orosius (384-420 A.D) and the Irish monk Dicuil (late 8th and early 9th century), describe Thule as being North and West of both Ireland and Britain. Dicuil described Thule as being beyond islands that seem to be the Faroes, strongly suggesting Iceland.

In the writings of the historian Procopius, from the first half of the 6th century, Thule is a large island in the north inhabited by twenty-five tribes. It is believed that Procopius is really talking about a part of Scandinavia, since several tribes are easily identified, including the Geats (Gautoi) and the Saami (Scrithiphini). He also writes that when the Heruls returned, they passed the Varni and the Danes and then crossed the sea to Thule, where they settled beside the Geats.

[edit] Ancient literature

A novel in Greek by Antonius Diogenes entitled The Wonders Beyond Thule appeared c. AD 150 or earlier. Gerald N. Sandy, in the introduction to his translation of Photius' ninth-century summary of the work,[3] surmises that Thule was "probably Iceland."

Early in the fifth century AD Claudian, in his poem, On the Fourth Consulship of the Emperor Honorius, Book VIII, rhapsodizes on the conquests of the emperor Theodosius, declaring that the "Orcades [Orkney Islands] ran red with Saxon slaughter; Thule was warm with the blood of Picts; ice-bound Hibernia [Ireland] wept for the heaps of slain Scots." This implies that Thule was Scotland. But in Against Rufinias, the Second Poem, Claudian writes of "Thule lying icebound beneath the pole-star."

Over time the known world came to be viewed as bounded in the east by India and in the west by Thule, as expressed in the Consolation of Philosophy (c. AD 524) by Boethius.

For though the earth, as far as India's shore, tremble before the laws you give, though Thule bow to your service on earth's farthest bounds, yet if thou canst not drive away black cares, if thou canst not put to flight complaints, then is no true power thine.[4]

The Roman historian Tacitus, in his book chronocling the life of his father-in-law, Agricola, was describing how the Romans know that Britain (which Agricola was commander of) was an Island. He talks of how a Roman ship circumnavigated Britain, and discovered the Orkney Islands. He says the ship's crew even sighted Thule, but their orders were not to go there and explore, as winter was at hand.

[edit] Middle Ages and Renaissance

During the Middle Ages the name was sometimes used to denote Greenland, Svalbard, or Iceland, such as by Bremen's Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church, where he probably cites old writers' usage of Thule.

A madrigal by Thomas Weelkes entitled Thule from 1600[1], describes it thus:

Thule, the period of cosmography,
Doth vaunt of Hecla, whose sulphureous fire
Doth melt the frozen clime and thaw the sky;
Trinacrian Etna's flames ascend not higher.
These things seem wondrous, yet more wondrous I,
Whose heart with fear doth freeze, with love doth fry.
The Andalusian merchant, that returns
Laden with cochineal and China dishes,
Reports in Spain how strangely Fogo burns
Amidst an ocean full of flying fishes.
These things seem wondrous, yet more wondrous I,
Whose heart with fear doth freeze, with love doth fry.

[edit] Modern use

A municipality in North Greenland was formerly named Thule after the mythical place. The Thule People, a paleo-Eskimo culture and a predecessor of modern Inuit Greenlanders, was named after the Thule region. In 1953, Thule became Thule Air Base, operated by United States Air Force. The population was forced to resettle to Qaanaaq, 67 miles to the north. Hunting activities here are described in the January 2006 National Geographic. (76 31'50.21"N, 68 42'36.13"W only 840 NM from the North Pole)

Southern Thule is a collection of the three southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. The island group is overseas territory of the United Kingdom and uninhabited.

Thule lends its name to the 69th element in the periodic table, Thulium.

[edit] "Aryan Thule"

Nazi mystics believed in historical Thule/Hyperborea as the ancient origin of the Aryan race. The Traditionalist School expositor Rene Guenon believed in the existence of ancient Thule on "initiatic grounds alone". According to its emblem, the Thule Society was founded in 1919. It had close links to the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (DAP), later the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP, the Nazi party). One of its three founder members was Lanz von Liebenfels (1874–1954). In his biography of Liebenfels ("Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab", Munich 1985), the Viennese psychologist and author Dr Wilhelm Dahm wrote: "The Thule Gesellschaft name originated from mythical Thule, a Nordic equivalent of the vanished culture of Atlantis. A race of giant supermen lived in Thule, linked into the Cosmos through magical powers. They had psychic and technological energies far exceeding the technical achievements of the 20th century. This knowledge was to be put to use to save the Fatherland and create a new race of Nordic Aryan Atlanteans. A new Messiah would come forward to lead the people to this goal."

[edit] References in popular culture

  • As it is revealed in the 7th season of the Italian TV show La Piovra, the Mafia's connection to the high society and politics is a secret company named Extrema Thule and their seal has a writing on it: Salus Nostrum Extrema Thule.
  • Jay S Russell's novel, Burning Bright featured a neo-Nazi group, modelled on Combat 18 but with occult leanings, called Ultima Thule.
  • William Black's A Princess of Thule refers to a poetic but slightly derisive way a referring to the novel's heroine, Sheila Mackenzie, a princess from the Outer Hebrides.
  • Ultima Thule is the name of Richard Mahony's house in Melbourne in Henry Handel Richardson's The Way Home, and the title of the final part of The Fortunes of Richard Mahony, though the house was sold to Purdy Smith at the end of The Way Home and is referenced only a few times in the titular novel, where it takes on a metaphoric significance.
  • Ultima Thule is a Swedish rock band and the name of an Estonian rock band.
  • "Ultima Thule" is a 1971 single by the German electronic band Tangerine Dream.
  • Ultima Thule is the title of a book of poetry written by Davis McCombs. The collection won the Yale Series of Younger Poets competition. It addresses the life of Stephen Bishop, nineteenth-century slave and spelunker/explorer/guide in Mammoth Cave.
  • British "epic barbarian war metal" band Bal-Sagoth recorded an album entitled Starfire upon the Ice-Veiled Throne of Ultima Thule in 1996.
  • Thule corporation is a company that manufactures Roof Boxes, Cycle & Ski Carriers etc.
  • In the comic strip Prince Valiant, the title character is said to be the "Prince of Thule".
  • In the Spanish comic strip Capitán Trueno, the girlfriend of the protagonist is a Viking princess born in Thule.
  • Vladimir Nabokov worked on a story entitled Ultima Thule, aspects of which eventually came to be essential parts of his novel Pale Fire.
  • In a poem Dream-Land by Edgar Allan Poe, protagonist (poet) comes "from an ultimate dim Thule"; also in Poe's "The Pit and The Pendulum", referencing the pit as "typical of hell, and regarded by rumor as the Ultima Thule of all their punishments."
  • British punk band The Fall are sometimes referred to as "The Thule Group", derived from the lyrics of their 1985 track "Gut of the Quantifier".
  • Thule Records is a defunct record label from Iceland, focusing on electronic music.
  • The Thule Society features in both the Hellboy comics and, in passing reference, film.
  • Ultima Thule was one of the Elder Kingdoms in Eden Studios' WitchCraft and Armageddon roleplaying game universe.
  • Thule is also a song by the Album Leaf, an American band based out of San Diego. The song was recorded in Iceland for their album In a Safe Place.
  • Ultima Thule is also the name of a set of Finnish glassware from the 60's that captured the look of melting ice and birch bark, designed by Tapio Wirkkala (1915-1985), of Finland.
  • Ultima Thule is the title of a 2006 series of artworks by the artist/photographer Stephen Vaughan
  • Thule is a rock band from Norway. Established 1986. Five albums: Ultima Thule (1987), Natt (1990), Frostbrent (1993), Graks (1997), Liquid - rock`n`roll dream (2005).[5]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Joanna Kavenna (2005). The Ice Museum: In Search of the Lost Land of Thule. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-03473-8. 
  2. ^ L. Sprague de Camp (1954). Lost Continents, p. 57.
  3. ^ B. P. Reardon, ed. (1989). Collected Ancient Greek Novels. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04306-5. 
  4. ^ Irwin Edman, ed.; W. V. Cooper, translator (1943). The Consolation of Philosophy. New York: The Modern Library, Random House. 
  5. ^ Thule at MySpace , homepage

[edit] See also

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