Thomas Wilfred
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Thomas Wilfred (1889-1968) was born Richard LØvstrom in Denmark. He was a musician, but is best known for his visual music he named Lumia and his designs for colour organs called Clavilux. Wilfred was not fond of the term Colour Organ, and coined the word Clavilux from Latin meaning "Light played by Key."
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[edit] Biography
Wilfred's father ran a photography studio, and young Wilfred was exposed to the arts at a young age. He studied painting and poetry in Paris, and found early success as "Wilfred The Lute player" traveling Europe and America performing minstrel songs on the Archaic Lute.
Around 1905 Wilfred began to experiment with bits of coloured glass and light sources. After moving to New York he, along with Claude Fayette Bragdon and 'Kirk' Kirkpatrick Brice co-founded a group of Theosophists called the Promethans. The Prometheans were dedicated to exploring spiritual matters through modern artistic expression. Brice served also as Patron to the group.
While many people had experimented with light as an artistic medium (most notably the Colour Organs) Wilfred was the first to speak of light as a formal artform. He coined the term "Lumia" to describe "an eighth art" where light would stand on its own as an expressive artform. Wilfred was passionate that Lumia should be a silent art.
Wilfred's mechanisms were often complex designs that have been described as from the "Rube Goldberg" school. He was a trained Artist, but had little mechanical schooling, thus he was an "Outsider Engineer." That said, his devices were very sturdy, and many still function with most of the original parts.
In 1920, Wilfred constructed the Clavilux Model A in his Long Island Studio (located on the Brice Estate). The first public recital came in 1922 and featured performances on the Clavilux Model B for audiences at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York. The press was highly receptive. In the audience that first night was Leopold Stokowski.
The Clavilux was a complex instrument which allowed a person to create and perform Lumia compositions. Later models B-H were touring and lecture models, the last one being built prior to WWII.
Wilfred founded The Art Institute of Light, which had a recital hall in Chelsea, and then later at the Grand Central Palace.
World War II found the Grand Central Palace theatre turned into an Army induction center, and Wilfred did his part for the Allies by serving as a translator.
After the war, Wilfred no longer performed Clavilux recitals, concentrating his work on recorded Lumia and theatrical projection.
Wilfred was also an early pioneer in working with projected scenery for the theatre. his initial success in this was a 1930 Broadway production of Ibsen's "The Vikings." Wildred did seminal work in the 1950's with The University of Washington's John Ashby Conway in this field.
[edit] Clavilux works
Starting in the late 20's Wilfred began to create smaller, less complex Lumia devices, some were meant for home exhibition, while others were designed for installation in museums and art galleries:
- Tabeltop Clavilux, or "Luminar"
- Home Clavilux, or "Clavilux Jr."
- Home Clavilux (these differed from the Clavilux Jr.)
- Recorded Lumia Compositions
Starting in 1931, he began to shift his emphasis with lumia from concert recitals to museum and gallery exhibitions.
[edit] Exhibitions
In 1951, he was included in the Museum of Modern Art's exhibition 15 Americans along side Abstract Expressionists such as Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and Mark Rothko.
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) owns three Wilfred Lumia compositions, and many artists of the Psychedelic era were inspired to work with light after seeing the MoMA compositions. Because of his influence on this generation of artists, Wilfred's final work "Lucatta, Opus 162" was included in the "Summer of Love" exhibition, which will be hosted next by the Whitney Museum in the spring of 2007.
There are only about 30 extant Clavilux Jr and Lumia compositions. Wilfred has explicitly stated his objections to recording Lumia works on film (in his writings collected in Thomas Wilfred's Clavilux), making the survival of his works dependent on the existence of his machines. Most of the still extant works are in the Epstein Collection, and the Epstein family has been very generous, loaning Lumia compositions to museums world wide. In 2003, two of the original Clavilux (Models E & G) were rescued from an East Village eviction dumpster, and are now stored in Seattle, WA awaiting restoration by the Epsteins.
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- Thomas Wilfred's Clavilux. Borgo Press, 2006
- Donna M. Stein, Thomas Wilfred: Lumia, A Retrospective Exhibition. [Catalog, The Corocoran Gallery of Art, 1971]
