Thioredoxin reductase

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thioredoxin reductase 1
Identifiers
Symbol	TXNRD1
HUGO	12437
Entrez	7296
OMIM	601112
RefSeq	NM_003330
UniProt	Q16881
Other data
Locus	Chr. 12 q23-q24.1

thioredoxin reductase 2
Identifiers
Symbol	TXNRD2
HUGO	18155
Entrez	10587
OMIM	606448
RefSeq	NM_006440
UniProt	Q9NNW7
Other data
Locus	Chr. 22 q11.21

thioredoxin reductase 3
Identifiers
Symbol	TXNRD3
HUGO	20667
Entrez	114112
OMIM	606235
RefSeq	XM_051264
UniProt	Q86VQ6
Other data
Locus	Chr. 3 p13-q13.33

Thioredoxin Reductase (TR, TrxR) (EC 1.8.1.9) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx).^[1] All known kingdom of organisms contain thioredoxin reductase. Two types of thioredoxin reductase evolved independently: prokaryotes, archia and most plants have one type; higher eukaryotes and some plants contain a different one that contains selenocysteine. 3 TRs exist in animals: TR1, TR3 and TGR. Both TR1^[2] and TR3^[3] are essential proteins for mouse embryogenesis.Since the activity of this enzyme is essential for cell growth and survival, it is a good target for anti-tumor therapy. For example, motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a new chemotherapeutic agent that selectively targets tumor cells, leading to cell death and apoptosis via inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reducatse.

[edit] References

^ Mustacich D, Powis G. "Thioredoxin reductase". Biochem J 346 Pt 1: 1-8. PMID 10657232.
^ Jakupoglu C, Przemeck GK, Schneider M, Moreno SG, Mayr N, Hatzopoulos AK, de Angelis MH, Wurst W, Bornkamm GW, Brielmeier M, Conrad M. Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005 Mar;25(5):1980-8.
^ Conrad M, Jakupoglu C, Moreno SG, Lippl S, Banjac A, Schneider M, Beck H, Hatzopoulos AK, Just U, Sinowatz F, Schmahl W, Chien KR, Wurst W, Bornkamm GW, Brielmeier M. Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004 Nov;24(21):9414-23.

Hashemy, S. I., Ungerstedt, J. S., Zahedi Avval, F., and Holmgren, A. (2006). Motexafin gadolinium, a tumor-selective drug targeting thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. J Biol Chem 281, 10691-10697.