Thiophene
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| Thiophene | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General | |
| Systematic name | Thiophene |
| Other names | Thiofuran Thiacyclopentadiene |
| Molecular formula | C4H4S |
| SMILES | C1=CC=CS1 |
| Molar mass | 84.14 g/mol |
| Appearance | colorless liquid |
| CAS number | [110-02-1] |
| Properties | |
| Density and phase | 1.051 g/ml, liquid |
| Solubility | Immiscible with water soluble in most organic solvents |
| Melting point | −38 °C |
| Boiling point | 84 °C |
| Viscosity | ? cP at ? °C |
| Dipole moment | ? D |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| EU classification | not listed |
| NFPA 704 |
3
2
0
|
| Flash point | −1 °C |
| RTECS number | XM7350000 |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Related compounds | |
| Related thioethers | Tetrahydrothiophene Diethyl sulfide |
| Related compounds | Furan Pyrrole |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Thiophene is an aromatic heterocyclic compound consisting of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom in a five-membered ring. Compounds analogous to thiophene include furan and pyrrole where the S atom is replaced by O and NH, respectively. Thiophene was discovered by Viktor Meyer in 1883 as a contaminant in benzene.[1] Related to thiophene are benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene, containing the thiophene ring fused with one and two benzene rings, respectively.
Contents |
[edit] History
It was observed that isatin forms a blue dye if it s mixed with sulfuric acid and crude benzene. The formation of the blue indophenin was long believed to be a reaction with benzene. Victor Meyer was able to isolate the substance resposible for this reaction from benzene. This new heterocyclic compound was thiophene. [2]
[edit] Properties
At room temperature, thiophene is a colorless liquid with a mildly pleasant odor reminiscent of benzene, with which thiophene shares some similarities.
Thiophene is considered aromatic, although theoretical calculations suggest that the degree of aromaticity is less than that of benzene. The participation of the lone electron pairs on sulfur in the delocalized pi electron system is significant. As a consequence of its aromaticity, thiophene does not exhibit the properties seen for conventional thioethers. For example the sulfur atom is not alkylated by methyl iodide. Although the sulfur atom is unreactive, the flanking CH centers are susceptible to attack by electrophiles. The high reactivity of thiophene toward sulfonation is the basis for the separation of thiophene from benzene. Due to the mere 4 °C difference in their boiling points at ambient pressure, thiophene and benzene are difficult to separate by distillation. Treatment of thiophene-benzene mixtures with sulfuric acid results in preferential sulfonation of the thiophene to give water-soluble thiophene sulfonic acid.
[edit] Uses
Thiophenes are important heterocyclic compounds and are recurring building blocks in organic chemistry with applications in pharmaceuticals. The benzene ring of a biologically active compound may often be replaced by a thiophene without loss of activity.[3] This is seen in examples such as the NSAID lornoxicam, the thiophene analog of piroxicam.
Thiophenes are used as synthetic intermediates, taking advantage of the susceptibility of the carbon atoms adjacent to S toward electrophilic reactions. Desulfurization of the resulting ring using Raney nickel affords 1,4-disubstituted butanes. The polymer formed by linking thiophene through its 1,5 positions is called polythiophene. Polythiophenes become electrically conductive upon partial oxidation, i.e. they become "organic metals".
Thiophene is used as a denaturant for ethanol with which it forms an azeotrope.
[edit] Synthesis and occurrence
Reflecting their high stabilities, thiophenes arise from many reactions involving sulfur sources and hydrocarbons, especially unsaturated ones, e.g. acetylenes and elemental sulfur, which was the first synthesis of thiphene by Viktor Meyer in the year of its discovery. Thiophenes are classically prepared by the reaction of 1,4-diketones with sulfiding reagents such as Lawesson's reagent or P4S10. Specialized thiophenes can be synthesized via the Gewald reaction, which involves the condensation of two esters in the presence of elemental sulfur.
Thiophene and its derivatives occur in petroleum, sometimes in concentrations up to 1-3%. The thiophenic content of liquids from oil and coal is removed via the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process. In HDS, the liquid or gaseous feed is passed over a special form of molybdenum disulfide under a pressure of H2. Thiophenes undergo hydrogenolysis to form hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide. Thus, thiophene itself is converted to butane and H2S. More prevalent and more problematic in petroleum are benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene.
[edit] See also
- Pyrrole, an analog with a NH instead of the sulfur atom.
- Furan, an analog with an oxygen instead of the sulfur atom.
- Simple aromatic rings
[edit] References
- ^ Viktor Meyer (1883). "Ueber den Begleiter des Benzols im Steinkohlenteer". Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 16: 1465-1478.
- ^ Ward C. Sumpter (1944). "The Chemistry of Isatin". Chemical Reviews 34, (3): 393 - 434. DOI:10.1021/cr60109a003.
- ^ Daniel Lednicer (1999). The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis. New York: Wiley Interscience, 187. ISBN 0-471-24510-0.
[edit] External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 1190
- [1] Roncali, J., "Conjugated Poly(thiophenes): Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications", Chemical Reviews, 1992, v. 92, p 711-738.
