Thermae

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Roman public baths in Bath, England. The entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction

This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing. For the activity in general, see Ancient Roman bathing.

The terms balnea or thermae were the words the ancient Romans used for the buildings housing their public baths.

Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centres of public bathing and socialisation.

Roman bath-houses were also provided for private villas, town houses and forts - these were also called thermae.

[edit] Origin of the term

The word thermae is a Latin borrowing from the Greek adjective thermos, therme, thermon (hot).

c.f. Thermopylae (the hot gates, gates of fire) thermae sc. aquae means "hot waters, hot springs".

[edit] Building layout

Within the building there were three rooms (or within each wing - one for each gender - after Hadrian's decree of separation in bathing):

the caldarium (L. cal(i)dus, -a,-um "hot" cf. calor orig, calos, caloris m)
the tepidarium (L. tepidus,-a,-um "lukewarm" cf. L. tepeo)
the frigidarium (Latin frigidus,-a,-um "cold")
sometimes there were also steam baths: the sudatorium- a moist steam bath, and the laconicum, a dry steam bath much like a modern day sauna

Caldarium from the Roman Baths at Bath, England. The floor tiles have been removed to expose the empty space through which hot exhaust gases flowed, heating the tiles.

[edit] Purpose

The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a palaestra, or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available), shower^{[citation needed]}, and remove the excess with a strigil (c.f. the well known Apoxyomenus of Lysippus from the Vatican Museum). Often wealthy bathers would bring a capsarius, a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.

The changing room was known as the apodyterium (Greek apodyterion, apo + duo "to take off" here of clothing).

[edit] Cultural Significance

The baths were an important place in the lives of Romans. Built as public monuments, they were used by everyone, whether rich or poor, free or slave. A person could eat, exercise, read, drink, shop, socialize and, of course, practice politics. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, stadium, art gallery, mall, bar, restaurant, gym, spa and movie theater.[1]

When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day".[2]

Emperors often built baths to gain favor for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favor of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a Tribune might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday.

[edit] Location

Baths sprung up all over the empire. Where natural hot springs existed (as in Bath, England, and Băile Herculane) thermae were built around them. Alternatively a system of hypocausta (Greek hypocauston < hypo "below" + kaio "to burn") were utilized to heat the waters heated by a furnace (praefurnium)