The Old Town, Aarhus
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The Old Town in Aarhus, Denmark is an open-air village museum consisting of 75 historical buildings collected from 20 townships in all parts of the country. In 1914 the museum opened for the first time as the worlds’ first open-air museum of its kind and till this day it remains one of just a few top rated Danish museums outside Copenhagen serving some 3.5 million visitors pr. year.
The museum buildings are organized into a small village of chiefly half-timbered structures originally erected between 1550 and the late 1800s in various parts of the country and later moved to Aarhus during the 1900s. In all there are some 27 rooms, chambers or kitchens, 34 workshops, 10 groceries or shops, 5 historical gardens, a post office, a customs office, a school and a theatre.
The village itself is the main attraction but most buildings are open for visitors; rooms are either decorated in the original historical style or organized into larger exhibits of which there are 5 regular with varying themes. There are several groceries, diners and workshops spread throughout the village with museum staff working in the roles of typical village figures i.e. merchant, blacksmith etc. adding to the illusion of a "living" village.
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[edit] History
The Old Town premiered for an audience in 1914 under the name "The Old Mayor's Estate". Apart from the renaissance styled mayor's estate there were a small garden pavilion and another large renaissance styled house all from the city of Aarhus. Over the course of the following half a century the museum was slowly expanded as more buildings and collections from various parts of the country were donated.
The old mayors mansion of Aarhus were no longer in use by 1908 and it was decided it should be demolished to make place for new building projects. However, Peter Holm (1873-1950), a local teacher and translator, managed to have the estate disassembled for later use rather than destroyed. The mansion was moved and reassembled and one year later it was displayed at the Danish National Exhibit of 1909 held in Aarhus where it was the centrepiece of historical exhibits. The building was moved again 5 years later in 1914 when the museum officially opened as "The Old Mayor's Mansion" with Peter Holm as director.
Almost 15 years later in 1923 Peter Holm was notified by the National Museum that a large merchant mansion in Aalborg was to be demolished. Peter Holm managed to collect the necessary funds to have the large mansion consisting of 8 individual buildings moved to Aarhus. The buildings were reassembled and in 1923, 3 years after the move, the museum opened 5 of the buildings for a public audience.
With the new additions The Old Mayors Mansion was no longer a local museum and the name was changed to "Township Museum The Old Town". In the following years the collection of buildings in the museum was expanded with structures from 20 different towns and cities. While the number of buildings expanded so did the collections within them. Large amounts of furniture, tools and other common interiors were donated and most buildings, groceries and workshops are today furnished and functional as they would have been at the time of their original construction. Specifically large collections of clothing, toys, pottery and silverware has either been donated to or bought by the museum and are today displayed in some of the larger buildings.
The name was changed again in 1995 to "The Old Town. Township Museum of Denmark."
Peter Holm remained director of the museum for 31 years from 1914 to 1945 when he resigned. During this period he managed to salvage some 50 historic buildings from demolition and raise the funds to have them moved to and erected in Aarhus; a unique and impressive feat in Danish museum history.
The Old Town has later inspired similar projects in other Scandinavian cities. Both Bergen, Norway and Åbo, Finland has subsequently erected similar open air museums.
[edit] Buildings
There are a total of 75 buildings from 20 different towns or cities within Denmark in addition to another 3 in storage. The oldest structure is a storage house from Aalborg c. 1550 and the newest is the garden pavilion from the 1909 Country Exhibit in Aarhus. The majority of the structures are from the mid 1700s to early 1800s in typical half-timbered renaissance style.
The largest and most impressive buildings are the coin master's mansion from Copenhagen (c. 1683), the mayors mansion from Aarhus (c. 1597), the merchant's mansion also from Århus (c. 1723) and the Aalborg Estate from Aalborg (c. 1570 and 1807). Many smaller buildings of diverse persuasions are scattered throughout the village ranging from ordinary residences to a small dock for boat construction, a tobacco barn, several watermills and a windmill.
The most recent addition to the village was the half-timbered coin master's mansion. It was erected as a residence for the royal coin masters in Copenhagen by Gregorius Sessemann in c. 1683 and was used for this purpose until 1749. The Copenhagen City Museum disassembled the building in 1944 and in 1995 it was handed over to The Old Town which started construction of it in 1998 until it was finished in 2000. It was erected as it is believed it presented itself in 1750 and the interior will be furnished accordingly.
The mayors mansion is one of the most significant Danish half-timbered renaissance buildings with many unique architectural features. It was the first building in The Old Town and is still one of the central pieces in the village. The mayor's mansion now contains a cavalcade of common city culture from 1600 to 1850.
The merchant's mansion from Aarhus is the main parts of a large mansion originally situated in the centre of Aarhus on what is now the place of the city hall. The mansion was rebuilt in The Old Town in 1942. Facing the street there is a grocery, residential wing and large grain storage in the addict and the stable and garden are situated in the back. The merchant's mansion is now home to one of the regular exhibits in the museum, The Merchant Mansion of 1864.
The Aalborg Estate consists of five buildings, two from c. 1570, one from c. 1585, one from c. 1634 and one from c. 1807. The complex was part of the same merchant's estate in central Aalborg and was rebuilt in The Old Town in 1926 and 1934 and one building now doubles as a brewery.
[edit] Exhibits
There are 5 regular exhibits, The Danish Clock Museum, the Toy Museum, a silverware exhibit, a pottery exhibit and the Textile Museum, in addition to several smaller exhibits. Besides the village itself, these exhibitions form the centrepiece of the museum and contain some of the largest collections of historical artefacts outside Copenhagen. In addition to the regular exhibits the museum holds several special themed exhibits every year with artefacts borrowed from other Danish, and in some cases Scandinavian, cities
The Toy Museum is situated in the large warehouse from Næstved and contains some 6000 pieces of toys from the 1800s to the 1960s. On the ground floor most boy's toys are displayed including German Marklin cars and Bing trains, mechanical toys from Lehmann, Danish Tekno toys and a somewhat unique feature - wooden toys produced by inmates of Danish prisons.
The first floor focuses on the pedagogical use of toys. In the 1700s childhood was increasingly recognized as a special period in a human's life whereas it had earlier perceived as a necessary and difficult period needed to be overcome on the path to becoming a "real" person. In the late 1700s philosophers, doctors and teachers more and more viewed childhood as an important time where parents could influence the child in positive directions. To this end toys became an important tool. It was believed that by giving a child a specific toy it could be lead in a specific direction in later life i.e. influence girls to become good housewives and boys to an active, social existence bound for the commercial life of the 1800s and 1900s.
The Danish Clock Museum showcases a fully equipped watch makers shop with workshops for tower watchmaker and ordinary watchmakers. The museum has a large collection of Danish and foreign clocks and watches and shows the development from sun dials and hour glasses to mechanical clocks. The earliest clocks from the 1500s had only one hand to show the hour of the day but later and more sophisticated clocks showed time in fractions of a second and the position of planets.
The textile museum is essentially spread out over the entire village. The exhibits aims at telling the story of the use of textiles in the home i.e. the introduction of curtains and sofa cushions. During the 1800s a tendency to hide furniture behind textiles erupted. Towels were hidden behind embroidered linen and the stove was hidden behind an embroidered textile screen and in the 1890s the average home resembled a box excessively lined with coloured curtains, screens and linen. The functionalism of the 1920s was a rebellion against this tendency. The Mayors Mansion showcases the tendencies of 250 years of interior decoration.
The silverware exhibit details the development of design and fabrication in the silver industry of the 1600s from baroque to functionalism. The collection includes works of 310 smiths from 44 different cities and towns with works of Niels Christensen as the oldest (c. 1637) and Henning Koppel, a pupil of Georg Jensen, as the most recent (1918).
[edit] Gardens
There are 5 gardens in the museum representing various periods in time from the mid 1600s to the early 1900s ranging from simple recreational hobby gardens to greeneries for commercial use.
The Pharmacy Garden c. 1750 is 300 m2. and has been constructed around a small house from the 1750s. The garden is designed in the baroque style with 91 squares each containing one type of flowering plant all of which has been used for medical purposes in the mid 1750s including henbane, thorn apple, mistletoe, hop, belladonna, blue anemones and aniseed.
Commercial Greenery Bernstoff is a greenery which grows flowers, plants and spices to be sold on the local village market. The large greenhouse from Bernstoff's Castle contains the exhibit "Great Grandmothers Plants" during the summer. The collection of pelargonium is particularly large including 20-30 different species.
Ms. Wahlstrøm's garden of 1920 is a small garden and a part of the Lemvig House reconstructed in The Old Town in 1982. The house was originally used by a single woman who lived in the house and worked in the adjoining shop. The 700 m2 garden remains as it looked originally and is largely grass with a small corner used for growing herbs, salads etc. The garden is framed by European honeysuckle, lavender, old roses species, common Lilac, lilies, summer flowers and fruit trees.
The residential garden of 1864 contains a functional kitchen garden and a typical garden for recreational purposes in the upper classes of the mid 1800s. The central part of the garden is composed of a large round section with columbine, Larkspur, dianthus and red valerian in addition to numerous other plants and flowers typical of this time. The kitchen garden is separated from the recreational garden and contains typical vegetables and herbs in addition to many lesser known plants not commonly used today.
The renaissance garden of 1647 is part of the mayor's mansion created and was created on the basis of the book Horticultura Danica by Hans Rasmussen Block in 1647. It is a small garden measuring 6 by 7 metres surrounded by a red painted fence containing tulips, snake's head and forget-me-nots orchestrated in strong renaissance style.
[edit] Activities
Spread throughout the small village 6 shops including a bookstore, a post office and a bakery add to the illusion and feel of a real village. In addition 5 diners and cafés provide food and drink for visitors and doubles as miniature exhibits showcasing the work methods of latter day life.
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- The Old Town Web Portal
- The City of Aarhus Web Portal
- The Official Tourist Portal of Aarhus
- Aarhus History in Photos and Text
- Aarhus University and The Old Town Collaborative History Project
- Den Klassiske Købstad (ISBN 87-7934-150-0)
- Middelalderbyen (ISBN 87-7934-094-6)
 Sights and landmarks in Denmark
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| In Copenhagen | Tivoli Gardens - Dyrehavsbakken - Copenhagen Zoo - Rundetårn - National Museum of Denmark - Børsen - Nyhavn - Amalienborg Palace - Christiansborg - Frederiksborg Palace - Rosenborg Castle |
| Outside Copenhagen | Roskilde Cathedral - Århus Domkirke - Marselisborg Palace - The Old Town |
