The Door into Summer
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 First Edition cover |
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| Author | Robert A. Heinlein |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Science fiction novel |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Released | 1957 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover & Paperback) |
| ISBN | NA |
The Door into Summer is a science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein, originally serialised in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (October, November, December 1956, with covers and interior illustrations by Frank Kelly Freas) and published in hardcover in 1957. It is a fast-paced hard science fiction novel, with a key fantastic element, and romantic elements. In three separate Locus Magazine readers polls from 1975 to 1998, it was judged the 36th, the 29th, or the 43rd all-time best science-fiction novel. [1]
The title was triggered by a remark that Heinlein's wife had made; in the novel itself, the protagonist's cat refuses to leave their house through any of its numerous doors when he sees snow on the ground: he is looking for The Door into Summer. Heinlein wrote the complete novel in only 13 days. No rewrite was needed, only some light editing that Heinlein did himself.
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[edit] Plot summary
The novel, which is told in the first person, opens in the year 1970. Daniel Boone Davis, an engineer and inventor, is well into a long drinking binge. He has lost his company, Hired Girl, Inc., to his partner Miles Gentry and the company bookkeeper, Belle Darkin. She had been Dan's fiancée, deceiving him into giving her enough voting stock to allow her and Miles to seize control.
Hired Girl is a robot vacuum cleaner, like the real Roomba. Dan had been developing Flexible Frank, an all-purpose household robot, when Miles announced his intention to sell the company (and Frank) to a large corporation where he would become a vice-president. Wishing to stay independent, Dan opposed the takeover, but was outvoted and then fired as Chief Engineer. Left with a large financial settlement, and his remaining Hired Girl stock, he elects to take "cold sleep" (suspended animation) with his beloved pet cat "Pete", hoping to wake up thirty years later to a brighter future. He negotiates a contract with an insurance company to handle his finances, but then during a medical examination the doctor, seeing he is impaired, gives him a few injections to sober him up, and a warning not to come back drunk if he still wants the sleep.
His mind clear, Dan decides instead to mount a counter-attack. First he mails his Hired Girl stock certificate to Miles' stepdaughter Frederica "Ricky" Gentry. They have an attachment even though he is 30 and she is only 11. Then he confronts Miles in his home, finding Belle there. Deducing that they are married, he begins to pick apart their scheme, but before he can leave to start an investigation, Belle injects him with "zombie drug," reducing him to a compliant slave. Belle announces that he knows too much and must be disposed of. Miles has no stomach for violence, but they discover Dan's plans to go into cold sleep. Belle, an accomplished forger, is able to alter Dan's commitment documents to have him placed in a repository run by her cronies — a subsidiary of Mannix, the company that was trying to buy Hired Girl, Inc.
In the year 2000 Dan wakes up, with no money to his name, and no idea how to find the people he once knew. What little money Belle let him keep went with the collapse of Mannix in 1987. He has lost Pete the cat, who fled Miles' house after Dan was drugged, but not before inflicting nasty injuries on Miles and Belle. He has no idea how to find Ricky either, although he realizes she will be a 40-year-old woman and unlikely to regard him as anything other than a distant friend.
Dan is no fool, and begins rebuilding his life. After being arrested for sleeping in the park, he gets a job crushing cars for scrap metal, and then persuades a company called Geary Manufacturing, which now owns Hired Girl, to take him on as a kind of figurehead. He discovers that Miles died in 1972, while Belle is still alive but a gin-sodden wreck. He meets her simply to find out if she knows about Ricky, but all she knows is that Ricky went to live with her grandmother about the time Dan went into cold sleep. Her scheme with Miles collapsed, as Flexible Frank disappeared the same night she shanghaied Dan. She blames him, although Dan has no idea who might have stolen the prototype.
Oddly, Flexible Frank is everywhere in the future, acting as hospital orderly, bellhop, and a thousand other menial jobs once filled by people. He is called Eager Beaver, made by a company called "Aladdin Auto-engineering," but Dan knows his own work. Somehow, somebody took his prototype and developed it. Another ubiquitous device is Drafting Dan, a machine which replaces the old manual drafting table with a display driven by a keyboard, not unlike a modern CAD station. Again, Dan recognizes his own work, but this machine was just an idea when he went to sleep. He is even more baffled to find that the primary patents for both devices are credited to a "D. B. Davis."
His buddy Chuck at Geary persuades him it's just a coincidence, but over a few beers Dan starts joking about going back in time. Chuck lets slip that he once saw time travel working, in a lab in Colorado. Dan is set to go and find out what this means, but Chuck persuades him to relax and do some more checking first.
At that point Dan finds that Ricky has been awoken from cold sleep and left Los Angeles for Brawley, California. Dan tracks her to Yuma, Arizona, where she was apparently married. When Dan looks at the marriage register, he immediately empties his bank account and heads for Colorado.
In Boulder, he befriends Dr. Twitchell, a once-brilliant scientist reduced to drinking away his frustrations. Eventually, just as Chuck had told him, Twitchell admits to having created a time machine of sorts. He can send two equal masses in opposite directions in time, but cannot control which one goes into the past, and which into the future. Pretending to be writing a book about Twitchell, Dan persuades him to set up a dry run for thirty-one years with him as one of the masses. With the machine powered up, Dan goads Twitchell into "throwing the switch" and finds himself falling. Picking himself up, he is confronted by a man and his wife. Any hope of guessing the year from their clothes is frustrated by the fact that both are stark naked.
Fortunately, Dan has gone back to 1970, some months before his confrontation with Miles and Belle. The couple are John and Jenny Sutton, who are naturists. John is also a lawyer, and Dan befriends the couple, persuading them to help him in his mission. His plans, among other things, include creating Eager Beaver and Drafting Dan, and then taking the cold sleep he originally planned. He has brought back gold worth $20,000 in 1970, although in 2001 it is merely an engineering material worth much less. John is suspicious, for the Gold Reserve Act makes owning a large amount of gold a felony in 1970. Nevertheless, he is able to convert it to cash, allowing Dan to set up a machine shop.
Working every available minute, Dan creates Drafting Dan, which he then uses to design Protean Pete, the first version of Eager Beaver. Leaving John and Jenny to set up a new corporation to be called "Aladdin Auto-engineering," he returns to Los Angeles, and stakes out Miles' house on the fateful night. Watching himself arrive, he lets events unfold until Pete the cat emerges, then takes his own car and uses it to remove Flexible Frank from Miles's garage, along with all the drawings he made.
Destroying the drawings and scattering parts across the landscape, he heads out to meet Ricky at her Girl Scout summer camp. There he tells her where he is going, and over her protests tells her that the Hired Girl stock he is giving her will make her rich enough to take the cold sleep when she is old enough, if she still wants to join him in the future. Ricky is remarkably mature for her age, and asks Dan if he is doing this so they can get married. Dan tells her that she is right.
He sells his car for quick cash, enough to get him to his cold sleep appointment, made a few days ago, or six months ago, or thirty years ago, depending on your point of view. With Pete in his arms, he sleeps for the second time.
In 2001, he awakes to a note from a much older John Sutton, along with a substantial amount of money. He greets Ricky, now a twenty-something beauty, when she awakes. They leave for Brawley to retrieve her possessions from storage, and then are married in Yuma. Setting himself up as an independent inventor, the way he likes it, he uses Ricky's Hired Girl stock to make changes at Geary, settling back to watch the healthy competition with Aladdin. At the end Ricky is pregnant, and the Door into Summer has been well and truly found.
[edit] Major Themes
The background to the story incorporates the so-called Six Weeks War, a 1966 conflict of nuclear arms in which the United States of America defeated Communism by superior technology. Two elements of this technology feature in the plot. The "cold sleep" technology enabled the USA to store and then quickly mobilize large numbers of soldiers for the conflict. The so-called "Thorsen tubes," a kind of programmable memory device, were used in U.S. missiles and form the core of Dan Davis' robotic inventions. In addition, he was able to absorb large amounts of technology during his military service.
The "zombie drug" that Belle uses on Dan was another military invention, used in interrogations. In 2000 there are hints that the drug is used to gather recruits from among homeless people for some kind of slave labor.
Technology has advanced significantly by 1970. Automobiles can navigate automatically in large cities, and many other facets of life are automated. By 2000 high-speed walkways have replaced many roads. Also in 2000, there is a form of antigravity, from which the time-travel technology is a spin-off. Health care in 2000 can suppress tooth decay and regrow teeth from implanted tooth buds, presenting Dan with a minor problem when he sees a dentist after returning to 1970.
Interestingly, the novel predicts a "city-wide cybernet clearinghouse" for banks allowing cash to be obtained anywhere in 2000, a significant difference from the actual situation in 1957, and indeed until about 1980.
The early Heinlein biographer and critic Alexei Panshin, in his 1968 biography Heinlein in Dimension, took note of another, more controversial theme: "The romantic situation in this story is a very interesting, very odd one: it is nothing less than a mutual sexual interest between an engineer of thirty and a girl of twelve ('adorable' is Heinlein's word for her), that culminates in marriage after some hop-scotching around in time to adjust their ages a bit." [2]
Finally, a minor plot element is the Panic of 1987 which, among other effects, wiped out Mannix Enterprises and its various shady subsidiaries. Heinlein's economic meltdown involves the removal of gold as a currency metal, but it is a remarkable coincidence that he chose 1987 as the year in which it would take place. The importance of the plot element is that it enables Dan to buy cheap gold at $86 per kg. in 2001 and carry it back to 1970 where his 10kg are worth over $20,000 at $60 per troy ounce. Note that both the 1970 price and the "Gold Reserve Act of 1968" are the author's inventions. In reality, gold ownership was legalized in 1964.
[edit] Characters in The Door into Summer
Daniel Boone Davis, as has been noted elsewhere, is a typical Heinlein hero, reflecting much of the author's own character. Not only an engineer and inventor, he is a fierce individualist who takes nobody else at face value until he has learned to trust them. He describes his father as having died under brainwashing in Korea, having raised his son to be independent and beholden to no-one, like his namesake. As a consequence, Dan turned aside from an opportunity to be an Army Officer, serving his time in the ranks. The only friends he has in the world are his cat Pete and young Ricky, wise beyond her years.
Miles Gentry is Dan's former Army buddy and business partner, handling the financial and legal side. By marrying a widow, Ricky's mother, who subsequently died, he became Ricky's de facto guardian. After Dan's mother and sister died in the war, the three, with Pete, became a small family with Ricky running the household as well as any adult, while Miles and Dan put Hired Girl, Inc. together. However neither can resist the charms of Belle Darkin.
Belle S. Darkin presents herself to Miles and Dan when they most need help with the company. She is a brilliant secretary, book-keeper and office manager who is willing to work for a pittance. Separately seducing the two men, she conspires with Miles to oust Dan by having him sign documents he has no time to read. These make him legally an employee of the company so he can be fired. At the same time she persuades him to give her a share of the stock, as a betrothal gift. This is sufficient, with Miles's share, to outvote Dan. When later Dan has her investigated, a life of crime is revealed involving multiple marriages, financial scams, forgery, and even minor vice crimes. Dan arranges for this information to be revealed when Miles dies, cutting Belle out of his estate.
Frederica Virginia "Ricky" Heinicke is physically an 11-year-old girl but emotionally almost adult. We see little enough of her in the novel, but she is certainly the object of Dan's quest. Like all Heinlein's heroines from this period, she is an intelligent red-head, and clearly modeled on Virginia Heinlein, even having a version of her name and her childhood nickname, Rikki-Tikki-Tavi. Ricky's last name is that of her paternal grandmother in Brawley, California, although in the beginning she uses "Gentry." This causes Dan difficulty in locating her, as he only knows her by that name. Miles never formally adopted Ricky, so she is able to disappear into the household of her only living blood relative, preventing Belle and Miles from depriving her of Dan's gift of Hired Girl stock.
Petronius the Arbiter or Pete, Dan's cat, is an under-appreciated character in the novel. Highly vocal with a wide range of expressive sounds, he acts as a sounding board for Dan's ruminations and fulminations. He goes everywhere with Dan, carried around in an overnight bag, emerging when Dan orders him a ginger-ale in a bar, or buys him food at drive-in restaurants. When Dan is drugged by Belle, Pete yowls in ever higher levels of distress, finally reaching the awful keening of feline despair that chills the blood. Miles and Belle commit the fatal error of trying to manhandle Pete out of the house, and he makes them pay, switching to his war cry. In this state even Dan, visiting from the future, must bide his time before attempting to take Pete with him to safety. Later Pete is Dan's passport to Ricky, the Girl Scout camp leader being another "cat person."
Chuck Freudenberg is Dan's "beer buddy" and best friend at Geary Manufacturing, and one of the few "real" engineers employed by the company, which has ceased to innovate. He listens to Dan's ideas for new devices, warning him to keep them to himself lest Geary declare them company property. While in college he witnessed Dr. Twitchell's time travel experiments, providing Dan with the opportunity to return to 1970. On his return, Dan uses his voting stock from Hired Girl, Inc. to rearrange Geary, promoting Chuck to Chief Engineer.
Dr. Hubert Twitchell is a brilliant physicist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, who invents time-travel while studying antigravity, only to see his work declared top secret by an armchair colonel looking for promotion to General, robbing Twitchell of a Nobel Prize. He descends into drink and self-pity for the rest of his life. Dan eventually contacts him after his second awakening in 2001, and promises to follow through with telling Twitchell's story in a book.
[edit] Literary significance & criticism
Despite the high esteem in which two decades of knowledgeable readers of Locus Magazine have held The Door into Summer, the noted science-fiction writer and critic James Blish presented a distinctly contrarian point of view. Writing about it in 1957, shortly after publication, he criticized the lack of characterization of its hero Dan Davis. "Presented with the task of showing us not one, but two future societies, Heinlein bungles both because he has failed to visualize precisely who is seeing what there is to be seen. Dan Davis has so little personality of his own that there is hardly anything in the world of 2000 A.D. in which he can legitimately be interested." Blish went on to say that "It is surely an odd novel that is at its best when the author is openly editorializing...." — in this case about the "parity system of farm price supports, which in 2000 is applied to automobiles." Moreover, "the hero's love for his cat is little more than a funny hat that he wears; were Dan Davis to speak with a stutter, or collect postcards, the effect upon the structure of the novel would be the same. (I don't deny that it would deprive the novel of its title gimmick, but this would not be a major loss.)" [3]
The critic Alexei Panshin, however, had a much more favorable view of the book. Writing in 1968, he says that "as a whole, the story is thoroughly melodramatic but very good fun. I imagine that it was a very enjoyable story for Heinlein to write, particularly the nicely-developed engineering ideas. It was as though Heinlein the engineer said, 'If I had the parts available, what little gadgets would I most enjoy building?' and then went ahead and built them fictionally. A good story." [4]
More importantly from Blish's point of view is Heinlein's treatment in the book of time travel: "Every other important subject of science fiction which Heinlein has examined at length has come out remade, vitalized and made the author's own property. It didn't happen here, for the first time in Heinlein's long and distinguished career — and not because Heinlein didn't have something to say, but because he failed to embody it in a real protagonist. Evidently, Heinlein as his own hero is about played out." [5]
Panshin also demurs on the time-travel issue. He writes that "time travel stories are generally so complicated that they have to be tightly plotted if they are to be successful, and Heinlein's time travel stories as a group are probably his best constructed. This one is no exception." [6]
At the time, science fiction was attempting to shake off its pulp magazine image and acquire some legitimacy as a literary form. Thus Blish, who was then writing the first part of his own high-concept series, After Such Knowledge, might have seen a quickly written novel such as this as a step backward.
[edit] Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
- The action of the story takes place in Los Angeles, California where the author lived during the early part of his career, and Boulder, Colorado, where he was living at the time of writing. Frequent mention of Yuma, Arizona relates to its status (in 1957) as a "just across the state line" town adjacent to California, offering the benefits of Arizona's looser laws, such as quick marriage, to Californians in the Imperial Valley region, just as Reno, Nevada, which is also mentioned, offered the same possibilities to residents of northern California. In actual fact, liberalization of laws around the country reduced the roles of these cities in offering "quickie" marriages and divorces.
- In 2000 Dan reads a newspaper article about "the King of France", then reflects that "French politics can turn up anything." Heinlein expressed contempt for contemporary French politics in other contexts, notably in Tramp Royale, where he refers to "the fortnightly French Cabinet," that is, the latest short-lived group of Ministers attempting to govern.
- One of Dr. Twitchell's early experimental subjects was a man who wanted to be "displaced" 500 years, so he was as likely to find himself in the 25th century as the 15th. The man's name, Leonard Vincent makes Dan wonder exactly how a man might get from the Rocky Mountains to Renaissance Italy around the time of Christopher Columbus.
[edit] Cultural connections
- A recurrent theme in science fiction stories, and to some extent in history, is that technology does not enter wide use until all the necessary pieces are in place, in terms of politics, economics, availability of materials, state of the art etc. At that point, advances usually become inevitable. Heinlein encapsulates this in the expression, used in this novel and elsewhere, "You can't railroad until it's time to railroad" and its corollary "When it's time to railroad, you railroad." This principle has been adopted by many authors, especially those heavily influenced by Heinlein, such as Jerry Pournelle. Another consequence of the principle is that lionizing individuals for particular inventions is misguided, on the grounds that they were merely first among many pursuing the invention, and in any case technology relies on manufacturing and distribution as much as on innovation. Heinlein also saw that a technology's time passes, and in fact referred in the earlier story "The Man Who Sold the Moon" to the railroads as having become "moribund."
- "The Door into Summer" is the name of a song by Bill Martin, recorded by The Monkees. It was featured on their album Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., and in a second-season episode of their TV series (#56, "Some Like it Lukewarm"). The track is also covered by Jacob's Trouble, on their eponymous debut album.
- The concept of a person and a cat being frozen is used in the films Austin Powers and Aliens.
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[edit] Influence on Warday
James Kunetka - who together with Whitley Strieber authored the 1984 novel Warday with its grim depiction of a devastated America in the aftermath of a nuclear war - has specifically mentioned The Door Into Summer as a major source of inspiration.
Indeed, the pattern of the "limited" nuclear exchange postulated in the later book seems remarkably similar to that appearing in Heinlein's. In both books a nuclear exchange five years previous to the beginning of the book had left Washington D.C., New York and a few other locations destroyed, but most of the country escaped destruction and refugees streamed into California, which was left intact. Where the two authors sharply diverge, however, is in estimating the lasting damage to the United States from such a nuclear exchange.
In Heinlein's book the war leaves no severe long-term effects: the country quickly recovers, the refugees find a ready welcome in California which has no difficulty in absorbing them, and there is no mention of any continuing medical problems from radiation. In fact, after the first few pages the nuclear war recedes completely into the background. At least implicitly, Heinlein - an outspoken Cold War hawk - seemed to imply that this "limited" amount of death and destruction would be an acceptable price for getting rid of Communism once and for all.
Conversely, the writers of Warday evidently borrowed Heinlein's basic scenario in order to show how horrible the results would actually be: five years later, large parts of the country are sunk deep in misery and destitution, reduced to a virtual third world situation; tens of thousands die of incurable radiation diseases, and triage regulations actually forbid doctors to "waste" precious resources on them; the untouched areas like California fence themselves off, and give extremely harsh treatment to "illegal immigrants" (i.e., refugees from the devastated areas); in fact, the United States exists only in name, and large parts of it have slipped under British or Japanese rule; full recovery - if ever achieved - would take generations. Clearly, in the world of Warday, Heinlein's Dan Boone would be scrabbling for survival, not happily inventing new gadgets...
[edit] Sources
- More Issues at Hand, by James Blish, writing as William Atheling, Jr., Advent:Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 1970
- Heinlein in Dimension, by Alexei Panshin, Advent:Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 1968
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?2084
- ^ Alexei Panshin, Heinlein in Dimension, page 149-150.
- ^ James Blish, The Issues at Hand, pages 54-56.
- ^ Alexei Panshin, Heinlein in Dimension, page 78.
- ^ James Blish, The Issues at Hand, page 56.
- ^ Alexei Panshin, Heinlein in Dimension, page 78.
[edit] External links
- The Door into Summer publication history at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
