The Cluetrain Manifesto

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The Cluetrain Manifesto is a set of 95 theses organised and put forward as a manifesto, or call to action, for all businesses operating within what is suggested to be a newly-connected marketplace. The ideas put forward within the manifesto aim to examine the impact of the Internet on both markets (consumers) and organisations. In addition, as both consumers and organisations are able to utilise the Internet and Intranets to establish a previously unavailable level of communication both within and between these two groups, the manifesto suggests that the changes that will be required from organisations as they respond to the new marketplace environment.

The manifesto was written in 1999 by Rick Levine, Christopher Locke, Doc Searls, and David Weinberger. A printed publication which elaborated on the manifesto was published in 2000 by Perseus Books (ISBN 0-7382-0431-5) under the same name.

The authors assert that the Internet is unlike the ordinary media used in mass marketing as it enables people to have "human to human" conversations, which have the potential to transform traditional business practices radically.

The book and website both challenge what the manifesto calls outmoded, 20th-century thinking about business in light of the emergence of the Web, clearly listing "95 theses", as a reference to Martin Luther's manifesto which heralded the start of the Protestant movement.

The term cluetrain stems from this quote:

"The clue train stopped there four times a day for ten years and they never took delivery." — Veteran of a firm now free-falling out of the Fortune 500

1 The main idea of the 'Cluetrain' theses
2 The Technology to Facilitate Communication
3 The Impact of the Internet and the Manifesto's Expectations
4 Opposition
5 Related work
6 External links
7 See also

[edit] The main idea of the 'Cluetrain' theses

A single paragraph summarises the essential position taken by the writers:

"A powerful global conversation has begun. Through the Internet, people are discovering and inventing new ways to share relevant knowledge with blinding speed. As a direct result, markets are getting smarter—and getting smarter faster than most companies."

The 95 Theses

Although a reading of the 95 theses can lead to a number of divisions or aggregations, it is possible to make a somewhat arbitrary split of the listed theses as a basis for understanding the content of the printed publication and a simplified structural view of the main suppositions of the authors.

Theses 1 – 6: Markets are Conversations

Historically, the authors state, the marketplace was a location where people gathered and talked to each other (thesis 1): they would discuss available products, price, reputation and in doing so connect with others (theses 2-5.) The authors then assert that the internet is providing a means for anyone connected to the internet to re-enter such a virtual marketplace and once again achieve such a level of communication between people. This, prior to the internet, had not been available in the age of mass media (thesis 6.)

Thesis 7: Hyperlinks Subvert Hierarchy

The ability of the internet to link to additional information – information which might exist beyond the formal hierarchy of organisational structure or published material from such an organisation – acts as a means of subverting, or bypassing, formal hierarchies.

Theses 8-13: Connection between the new markets and companies

The same technology connecting people into markets outside of organisations, is also connecting employees within organisations (thesis 8.) The authors suggest that these networks create a more informed marketplace/consumer (thesis 9) through the conversations being held. The information available in the marketplace is superior to that available from the organisations themselves (thesis 10-12.)

The authors, through the remaining theses, then examine the impact that these changes will have on organisations and how, in turn, organisations will need to respond to the changing marketplace to remain viable.

Theses 14 – 25: Organisations entering the marketplace

With the emergence of the virtual marketplace, the authors indicate that the onus will be on organisations to enter the marketplace conversation (thesis 25) and do so in a way that connects with the ‘voice’ of the new marketplace (thesis 14-16) or risk becoming irrelevant (thesis 16).

Theses 26-40: Marketing & Organisational Response

The authors then list a number of theses that deal with the approach that they believe organisations will need to adopt if they are to successfully enter the new marketplace (thesis 26) as it is claimed that those within the new marketplace will no longer respond to the previously issued mass-media communications as such communication is not ‘authentic’ (thesis 33.)

Theses 41-52: Intranets and the impact to organisation control and structure

More fully exploring the impact of the intranet within organisations, theses forty-one through fifty-two elaborate on the subversion of hierarchy initially listed as thesis seven . When implemented correctly (theses 44-46), it is suggested that such intranets re-establish real communication amongst employees in parallel with the impact of the internet to the marketplace (thesis 48) and this will lead to a ‘hyperlinked’ organisational structure within the organisation which will take the place of (or be utilised in place of) the formally documented organisation chart (thesis 50).

Theses 53:71: Connecting the Internet marketplace with corporate Intranets

The ideal, according to the manifesto, is for the networked marketplace to be connected to the networked intranet so that full communication can exist between those within the marketplace and those within the company itself (thesis 53.) Achieving this level of communication is hindered by the imposition of ‘command and control’ structures (thesis 54-58) but, ultimately, organisations will need to allow this level of communication to exist as the new marketplace will no longer respond to the mass-media ‘voice’ of the organisation (theses 59-71)

Theses 72: 95: New Market Expectations

Theses seventy-two through ninety-five aim to identify the expectations (thesis 76, 77,78,95) and changes (thesis 72) that exist within the new marketplace and how those expectations and changes will require a corresponding change from organisations (thesis 79, 84, 91, 92,94).

[edit] The Technology to Facilitate Communication

The authors proposed that the Internet provided new means for both the markets and organisations to communicate. Technologies listed within the printed publication and used as examples of the style of communication available were:

Email
News groups
Mailing Lists
Chat
Web Pages

Newer technologies (such as blogs) could be added to the list. However, according to the manifesto, it is within the new Internet-enabled conversations that the new marketplace would join in conversation with networked employees.

[edit] The Impact of the Internet and the Manifesto's Expectations

There is little doubt that the Internet has changed the way people communicate across the world; whether the world has been changed exactly as 'The Cluetrain Manifesto' charges is another thing. There are certainly new ways of communicating; in some cases businesses have benefited and in some others businesses have been hurt badly.

Whether human beings have gained the type of power ascribed to them when they talk human to human across the Internet is still to be proven. Some bloggers have caught the limelight from time to time, just as the proponents did with 'Cluetrain', and perhaps they may be onto something, but not exactly what they stated in the manifesto.

Fundamental to The Cluetrain Manifesto was the premise that the Internet provided a new and unique forum for communication that would ultimately shift the nature of business communication and marketing. Essentially, the change that is central to this text is one of breaking down corporate barriers and forming a conversation between those within and those outside a corporation -- online marketing would be more about holding conversations with people rather than broadcasting half-truths about products and services.

The authors of the manifesto suggested that such a shift would occur through substantial and pervasive changes in current company-to-consumer interaction. Communication would shift from mission statements and marketing media aimed at consumer segments to open dialogues or conversations between businesses and consumers.

Since publication, however, the use of mass-media marketing has not fundamentally shifted from its use within organisations as the key means of communicating with consumers. And, although advertising on the Internet has grown over the intervening years, it remains, generally, an online version of the same style of mass-media marketing.

Although a number of companies have aimed to achieve customisation of marketing material to the point where it is tailored to a single individual, this remains a one-way dialogue which is the antithesis of what the authors propose as the ideal.

[edit] Opposition

During the height of the 'Cluetrain Internet buzz' there were both supporters and opponents making their point online. The conversation spawned by the 'Cluetrain Manifesto' website, in some instances, was taken to be almost a religious argument. Quite notably the technically-oriented, who were adept in building websites, writing blogs and making themselves heard on the Internet, were often the most ardent adherents.

Some opponents took the concepts of 'Cluetrain' to be cultish. For example, John C. Dvorak in PC Magazine:

". . . the apparent faith in this odd vision of an idealistic human-oriented internetworked new world/new economy marches forward. I imagine all these folks holding hands in a large circle, rolling back and forth, with some in the middle of the circle, spinning and chanting and hugging, all naked. I'm betting that most of these folks go to Burning Man and all of them write blogs about it and how cool it was. They link to each others' blogs and read what they say about each other—all highly complimentary."

Opponents to the concept of 'Cluetrain' point to the fact that the Internet cannot be conceptualized so unitarily as "a conversation" or that the human activity online cannot be so neatly compacted into the notion of 'conversation'. It may be true that there are some conversations online, but rather, it would seem that the Internet would be better described as a chaotic place with spam coursing through its veins, filters manipulating the viewing of websites, email, blogs and other forms of communication, noise, and some human voices being heard above the babble and confusion.

Obviously there are some companies that seem to be doing extremely well without recourse to enabling conversations on the Internet -- such as WalMart, for example. There are other companies that have paid attention to the Cluetrain concept and taken up conversation online and are doing both extremely well and in some cases very poorly (PayPal is a poor Internet communicator).

[edit] Related work

A website which attempts to embrace (and perhaps extend) at least some of the 'Cluetrain vision' is Microsoft's Channel 9.^{[citation needed]} The introduction to Channel9 states:

Welcome to Channel 9. We are five guys at Microsoft who want a new level of communication between Microsoft and developers. We believe that we will all benefit from a little dialogue these days. This is our first attempt to move beyond the newsgroup, the blog, and the press release to talk with each other, human to human.