The Beatles' influence on music recording

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The Beatles influenced the way music was recorded in several ways. In an interview^[1] Paul McCartney spoke about the band's attitude to the recording process: "We would say, 'Try it. Just try it for us. If it sounds crappy, OK, we'll lose it. But it might just sound good.' We were always pushing ahead: ' Louder, further, longer, more, different '."

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Technological advances 1.2 Access to facilities 1.3 The Beatles' attitude 2 Guitar feedback 3 Classical musicians on popular albums 4 Artificial double tracking 5 Close miking of acoustic instruments 6 Sampling 7 Direct injection 8 Notes 9 References

[edit] Background

This article describes the changes in recording music that were influenced by the Beatles, but some background to the environment in which they recorded will be useful.

[edit] Technological advances

There were enormous changes in the technology of recording during the 1960s. In the early part of the decade, EMI's Abbey Road was equipped with EMI-made British Tape Recorders (BTR) [1] which were developed in 1948, essentially as copies of German wartime recorders. The BTR was a twin-track, valve (Vacuum tube) based machine. When recording on the twin-track machine there was very little opportunity for overdubbing - the recording was essentially that of a live performance.

The first two Beatles albums were recorded on BTR two track machines^[2]; with the introduction of four-track machines in 1964 there came a change in the way recordings were made — tracks could be built up layer by layer, encouraging experimentation in the recording process.

In 1968 eight-track recorders became available, but Abbey Road was somewhat slow in adopting the new technology and a number of Beatles tracks (including "Hey Jude") were recorded in other studios in London to get access to the new eight- track recorders. ^[3]

The Beatles' final album, Abbey Road, was the only one to be recorded using a transistorised mixing console rather than the earlier valve consoles. Engineer Geoff Emerick has said that the transistorised console played a large part in shaping the album's overall sound, lacking the aggressive edge of the valve consoles.^[4]

[edit] Access to facilities

The success of the Beatles meant that EMI gave them carte blanche access to the Abbey Road studios — they were not charged for studio time and could spend as long as they wanted working on music.(ibid)

[edit] The Beatles' attitude

As indicated by McCartney's quote above, the Beatles were trying to push musical and technological boundaries. Engineers and other Abbey Road staff regularly point out that the Beatles would try to take advantage of mistakes in the recording process; "I Feel Fine"'s feedback and "Long, Long, Long"'s resonating glass (towards the end of the track) are examples of this.^[5]

Combined with this was the conscious desire to be different. McCartney said, "Each time we just want to do something different. After Please Please Me we decided we must do something different for the next song... Why should we ever want to go back? That would be soft."^[6]

[edit] Guitar feedback

The song "I Feel Fine", recorded on 18 October 1964, starts with a feedback note tone produced by plucking the A-string on McCartney's bass guitar, which was picked up on Lennon's semi acoustic guitar. Speaking in his last interview — with the BBC's Andy Peebles — Lennon said this was the first use of feedback on a pop record. In The Beatles Anthology series, George Harrison said that the feedback started accidentally when a guitar was placed on an amplifier but that Lennon had worked out how to achieve the effect live on stage. In The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions, Mark Lewisohn states that all the takes of the song included the feedback^[7] so it can be presumed that this had happened during a rehearsal of "I Feel Fine".

Also in the Anthology series, the Beatles are shown performing "I Feel Fine" live at the New Musical Express awards. Lennon can be seen turning to face the guitar amplifiers during the guitar solo, presumably to get the feedback effect and also indicating that the feedback was not restricted to the start of the song.

[edit] Classical musicians on popular albums

Although strings were commonly used on pop recordings, George Martin's suggestion that a string quartet be used for the recording of "Yesterday" marked a major departure down a path that led to "A Whiter Shade of Pale" and much of Rick Wakeman's work.

[edit] Artificial double tracking

Artificial double tracking (ADT) was invented by Ken Townsend in 1966, during the recording of Revolver.^[8] With the advent of four-track recordings, it became possible to double track vocals whereby the performer sings along with his or her own previously recorded version of the song. Phil McDonald, a member of the studio staff, recalled that Lennon didn't really like singing a song twice and after a particularly trying evening of double tracking vocals, Townsend "had an idea".^[8] ADT works by taking the original recording of a vocal part and duplicating it onto a second tape machine which has a variable speed control. The manipulation of the speed of the second machine during playback introduces a delay between the original vocal and the second recording of it, giving the effect of double tracking without having to sing the part twice.

The effect had been created "accidentally" earlier, when recording "Yesterday": loudspeakers were used to cue the string quartet and some of McCartney's voice was recorded onto the string track, which can be heard on the final recording.

It has been claimed that George Martin's pseudoscientific explanation of ADT ("feedback to the sploshing flange") given to Lennon originated the phrase flanging in recording, as Lennon would refer to ADT as "Ken's flanger".

ADT greatly influenced recording — virtually all the tracks on Revolver and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band had the treatment and it is still widely used for instruments and voices. Nowadays, the effect is more often known as automatic double tracking.

[edit] Close miking of acoustic instruments

During the recording of "Eleanor Rigby" on 28 April 1966, McCartney said he wanted to avoid "Mancini" strings. (It is possible that Mantovani was actually the style that McCartney wanted to avoid.) To fulfil this brief, Geoff Emerick close-miked the strings — the microphones were almost touching the strings. George Martin had to instruct the players not to back away from the microphones.^[9]

In 1966, this was considered a radically new way of recording strings; nowadays it is common practice.(ibid)

[edit] Sampling

The Beatles first used samples of other music on "Yellow Submarine", the samples being added on 1 June 1966. The brass band solo was constructed from a Sousa march by George Martin and Geoff Emerick, the original solo was in the same key and was transferred to tape, cut into small segments and re-arranged to form a brief solo which was added to the song.^[9]

A similar technique was used for "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite" on 20 February 1967. To try to create the atmosphere of a circus, Martin first proposed the use of a calliope (a steam-driven organ). At that time only automatic calliopes, controlled by punched cards, were available, so other techniques had to be used. Martin came up with taking taped samples from several steam organ pieces, cutting them into short lengths, "throwing them in the air" and splicing them together. It took two trials; in the first attempt, the pieces coincidentally came back in more or less original order.

Sampling was also used on "I Am the Walrus" — a live BBC Third Programme broadcast of King Lear was mixed into the track on September 29, 1967. McCartney has also described^[10] a lost opportunity of live sampling: the EMI studio was set up in such a way that the echo track from the echo chamber could be picked up in any of the control rooms. Paul Jones was recording in a studio whilst "I Am the Walrus" was being mixed and The Beatles were tempted to "nick" some of Jones's singing to put into the mix.

[edit] Direct injection

Direct injection was first used by the Beatles on February 1, 1967 to record McCartney's bass on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". With direct injection the guitar pick-up is connected to the recording console via an impedence matching DI box. Ken Townsend claimed this as the first use anywhere in the world.^[11] although Joe Meek, an independent producer from London, is known to have done it earlier (early 1960s).^[12] However, the use by the Beatles was probably the first in a major studio.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions (First Hardback Edition). EMI. ISBN 978-0600612070. 
• Hertsgaard, Mark (1995). A Day in The Life (First Hardback Edition). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0385315173. 
• Davies, Hunter (1968). The Beatles (Second Hardback Edition). Heinemann. ISBN 978-0393315714. 
• Emerick, Geoff (2006). Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1592402694. 
• Repsch, John (1989). The Legendary Joe Meek - The Telstar Man. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 1901447200.