Texas longhorn (cattle)

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For other uses, see Longhorn.

The Texas longhorn is ecologically adapted to the sparse and rugged grazing land of Texas.

The Texas longhorn is a breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns, which can extend to six feet in width and have a slight upward turn at their tips, as well as for their distinctive burnt orange coloring. The Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America serves as the recognized registry for the breed, which can often fetch up to $60,000 at auction.^[1]

1 History of the breed
2 Purpose
3 Texas longhorn in popular culture
4 Notes
5 References
6 See also
7 External links

[edit] History of the breed

Though some historians disagree, the Texas longhorn is generally thought to have been created as a cross between the Spanish retinto (criollo) stock left in the United States by Spanish explorers and English cattle brought to Texas from southern and midwestern states in the 1820s and 1830s.

The breed began to gain popularity in the late 1870s, when buffalo herds were slaughtered and ranging tribes of Plains Indians largely confined. As a result, ranches were set up to round up the feral cattle to be sold at market and new ranches began spreading northward to the open range of the Noth American Great Plains. Texas longhorns, whose long legs and hard hoofs made them ideal trail cattle, were the preferred breed to stock these new northern ranches, initiating the cattle drives of cowboy legend. Cattle drives in this era (before railroads began to take over much of the transport of cattle) moved an estimated 9 million Texas longhorn cattle up the Chisholm Trail and others to shipping points created by Joseph G. McCoy after the American Civil War.

The hardy longhorn is probably an inadvertent anglo-spanish collaboration.

In the late 1800s, the advent of barbed wire brought the open-range cattle boom to an end and allowed for more selective breeding of cattle. The leaner longhorn beef was not as attractive in an era where tallow was highly prized, and the longhorn's ability to survive on often poor vegetation of the open range was no longer as much of an issue. Other breeds demonstrated traits more highly valued by the modern rancher, such as the ability to put on weight quickly. The Texas longhorn stock slowly dwindled, until in 1927 the breed was saved from almost certain extinction by enthusiasts from the United States Forest Service, who collected a small herd of stock to breed on a refuge in Oklahoma. A few years later, J. Frank Dobie and others gathered small herds to keep in Texas state parks. They were cared for largely as curiosities, but the stock's longevity, resistance to disease and ability to thrive on marginal pastures quickly revived the breed as beef stock. Today, the breed is still used as a beef stock, though many Texas ranchers keep herds purely because of their link to Texas history.

In other parts of North America this breed is used for much more. Longhorn cattle have a strong survival instinct and can find food^[2] and shelter during times of rough weather. Longhorn calves are very tough and can stand up sooner after birth than other breeds. Longhorn cattle can breed for a long time, well into their teens. There have been cows that have bred for up to thirty years.^[3] Some Ranchers keep Longhorns for their easy calving. A Longhorn cow will often go off on her own to a safe place to have the calf then bring it home. They are also known to hide their calves in safe places to avoid predation, sometimes causing difficulty for ranchers, who may need to work on the animal.

[edit] Purpose

Most breeds of cattle fall into either beef or dairy. The Texas longhorn is more of a beef animal and is known for its lean beef, which is lower in fat and overall calories than most beef.

Texas Longhorn cattle in the Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma

Many Texas longhorn breeders (owners) raise their cattle for horn measurements. Due to the variation in horn growth, with some cattle having almost flat horns while others have many twists and turns, there are 3 measurements that are taken.

Tip to Tip - The length from each tip of the horn, a straight line. This is the most common measurement.
Total Horn - The total length following the horn and always greater than the Tip to Tip
Base (or Poll) - The circumference of either horn at the point where it meets up with the animal's head

These measurements are also adjusted to a Horns per Month of Age (HMA) which is calculated by dividing the number of months of age into the horn measurement. For example, a 48 month old animal with 50" of horn would be 50 / 48 or 1.04" per month of age.

It is also common for many ranchers to cross breed longhorn with other breeds to have the same behavioral characteristics. This is especially true in colder areas where purebred longhorn cattle may have a difficult time through the winter.

[edit] Texas longhorn in popular culture

Statue of Bevo at UT Austin

The Longhorns is the nickname of the sports teams of The University of Texas at Austin and the school mascot is a longhorn named Bevo.

[edit] Notes

^ Herskovitz, John. Texas Returns to Passion of the Longhorn Reuters via Environmental News Network. November 26, 2004.
^ Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America
^ International Texas Longhorn Association

[edit] References

Will C. Barnes, "Wichita Forest Will Be Lair of Longhorns," The Cattleman, April 1926.
Dan Kilgore, "Texas Cattle Origins," The Cattleman, January 1983.
James Westfall Thompson, History of Livestock Raising in the United States, 1607-1860 (Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1942).
Don Worcester, The Texas Longhorn: Relic of the Past, Asset for the Future (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987).