Terminalia ferdinandiana

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Terminalia ferdinandiana

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Combretaceae
Genus:	Terminalia
Species:	T. ferdinandiana

Binomial name

Terminalia ferdinandiana
Exell

Terminalia ferdinandiana, also called the Gubinge, billygoat or Kakadu plum or Murunga, is a flowering plant in the family Combretaceae, native to Australia, widespread throughout the tropical woodlands from northwestern Australia to eastern Arnhem Land. Its fruit has the highest known vitamin C concentration.

1 Description
2 Uses
3 References
4 External links

[edit] Description

It is a slender, small to medium-sized tree growing up to 30 m in height, with creamy-grey, flaky bark and deciduous pale green leaves. The flowers are small, creamy-white, perfumed, and borne along spikes in the leaf axils towards the ends of the branches. Flowering is from September to December. (Southern hemisphere spring/summer.)

The fruit is yellow-green, about 2 centimetres long and 1 centimetre in diameter, almond-sized with a short beak at the tip, and contain one large seed. They ripen from March onwards.

[edit] Uses

The fruits, now commonly known as Kakadu plums, have been used as bush tucker by the Australian Aborigines for tens of thousands of years. The roundish, light green, fruits are usually eaten raw. Interestingly, the fruits gained popularity again with Aborigines after the vitamin C results were widely reported.

The Kakadu plum is most notable for its enormous vitamin C content; it may be the world's richest natural fruit source of this essential vitamin, containing around 5% vitamin C by weight - 50 times the concentration found in oranges and slightly more than the second highest, the South American camu camu. Research by Vic Cherikoff of the University of Sydney's Human Nutrition Unit first confirmed this fruit's exceptional vitamin C content and also measured high levels of folates and more recently is investigating the equally remarkable content of polyphenolic antioxidants. ^[1]

Today, the Kakadu plum is more commonly sold as an ingredient for cosmetics but is slowly entering new markets as a nutraceutical in food supplements and fortified beverages. While the fruits have been trialled in plantation and some harvests from these irrigated fields is now supplying market demand, the vitamin C levels tend to fall with the less harsh growing conditions compared to wild stands of trees. For this and reasons of Fair trade, Aboriginal communities in Australia's Top End are and should benefit as they organise and wild harvest the fruits to supply the growing demand. Unfortunately, some illegal activities from irresponsible opportunists have caused problems with trees being cut down as a means of harvesting the fruits. [1] Additionally, companies such as Amway have invested in research into the cultivation of the plum

[edit] References

Cherikoff, Vic, The Bushfood Handbook, ISBN 0-7316-6904-5.
Low, Tim, Wild Food Plants of Australia, ISBN 0-207-14383-8.
Pharm.J. 229: 505 (1982). Reported 2300-3150mg ascorbic acid per 100g of edible fruit.