Tarim River
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The Tarim River (Mandarin Dayan, 塔里木河) is the principal river of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China.
Formed from the union of the Aksu and Yarkand rivers, it flows in an eastward direction around the Taklamakan Desert. It drains into Lop Nur, a series of salt lakes. Its total length is 2,090km (or 1,299 mi).
It is the longest inland river in China with an annual flow of 4-6 billion cubic meters. Its valley is home to nearly 10 million Chinese and other ethnic minorities including Uygurs and Mongolians.
It is shallow, unsuitable for navigation, and because of its heavy silt load, forms a braided stream near its terminus. It gives its name to the arid Tarim Basin.
It lies immediately north of the Plateau of Tibet. The river gives its name to the great basin between the Tien Shan and Kunlun mountain systems of Central Asia. It flows for most of its length through the Takla Makan Desert. The word tarim is used to designate the bank of a river that flows into a lake or that is undifferentiable from the sands of a desert. This is a characteristic hydrographic feature of many rivers that traverse the sands of the Takla Makan Desert. Another characteristic of the rivers of the Tarim Basin, including the Tarim itself, is their active migration—i.e., the shifting of their beds and banks.
The Tarim is formed by the confluence of the K'a-shih-ka-erh (Kashgar) and Yarkand rivers in the far west; flowing northeastward from this confluence, the river is then joined some 230 miles (370 km) downstream by the A-k'o-su and the Ho-t'ien (Khotan) rivers. Only the A-k'o-su River flows for the entire year. It is the Tarim's most important tributary, supplying 70–80 percent of its water volume. The name Tarim is used below the Ho-t'ien River confluence. The total length of the Yarkand-Tarim river system is 1,261 miles (2,030 km), although, as the Tarim frequently changes its channel, the length tends to vary over the years. Prior to the completion of reservoirs and irrigation works in the mid-20th century, the Tarim's waters eventually reached Lop Nor (now a salt-encrusted lake bed). The river's waters now drain intermittently into T'ai-t'e-ma (Taitema) Lake, which is located about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Lop Nor. The area of the Tarim River Basin is about 215,000 square miles (557,000 square km). A considerable part of the Tarim's course is unformed, following no clearly defined riverbed. The water volume of the lower course of the river diminishes as a result of extensive evaporation and water-diversion schemes. The Tarim's low-water period is from October through April. The spring and summer high waters begin in May and continue through September as the snows melt on the distant Tien Shan and Kunlun mountains.
The Lower Tarim Basin is an arid plain composed of alluvium and lake sediments and is bordered by massive mountain ranges. The basin is the driest region of Eurasia. The predominant part of it is occupied by the Takla Makan Desert, whose sand area exceeds 105,000 square miles (270,000 square km). In addition, there are several comparatively small sand massifs with areas of from 300 to 1,700 square miles (780 to 4,400 square km). Sand dunes are the predominant relief.
Precipitation in the Tarim Basin is extremely scanty, and in some years it is nonexistent. In the Takla Makan Desert and in the Lop Nor basin, the average annual total of precipitation is about one-half inch (12 mm). In the foothills and in several other areas of the river's basin, the precipitation amounts to from 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) a year. In the Tien Shan it is much wetter, precipitation often exceeding 20 inches (500 mm). Maximum temperatures in the Tarim Basin are about 104° F (40° C). The Tarim River freezes over every year from December through March.
Vegetation in the Tarim Basin is mainly located along the river and its branches. There, at the edge of the sands, shrublike vegetation and stunted trees, especially wormwood, are found. A thin forest of poplar grows in the Tarim River valley. Underbrush consists of willows, sea buckthorn, and dense growths of Indian hemp and Ural licorice.
The Tarim River is rich in fish, and animal life on the river and the surrounding desert is varied. The valley and lakes of the Tarim are a stopover for many migratory birds.
Despite the Chinese government's promotion of large-scale irrigation, oasis agriculture remains the mainstay of the scattered settlements in the region. Grains, cotton, silk, fruits, and wool are the chief agricultural products, and Khotan jades are the only other important item. Little is exported from the basin, but local surpluses find a market among travelers passing through when conditions permit.
Chinese authorities in the northwestern region of Xinjiang are relocating hundreds of ethnic minority farming families along the dwindling Tarim River. By 2008, more than 6,000 households along the river will have been resettled and cultivation forbidden along the river banks, in an attempt to save 60 million cubic meters (16 billion gallons) of water.
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[edit] References
- Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition.[1]
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
- Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [3]
- Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [4]
[edit] Suggested reading
- Baumer, Christoph. 2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.
- Mallory, J.P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson. London.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Information and a map of the Tarim's watershed
- Silk Road Seattle (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full text historical texts)
- Photos of the Tarim River (from a Xinjiang blog)
