Taraz

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Taraz (Kazakh/Russian: Тараз), formerly Dzhambul (Russian: Джамбу́л, Kazakh: Жамбы́л), and Aulie-Ata (Kazakh: Әулие́-Ата, Russian: Аулие́-Ата, Chagatai: اولياه اتا) is a city and a center of the Zhambyl Province in Kazakhstan. It is located in the South of Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan, on the Talas River (Taraz River). It has a population of 330,100 (1999 census), up 9% from 1989, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, after Astana and Türkistan.

One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in Transoxania, Taraz celebrated its official 2000 anniversary (recognized by UNESCO) in 2001, dating from a fortress built in the area by a Xiongnu chanyu named Zhizhi and was a site of the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BC. The city was first recorded under the name "Talas" in 568 CE by Menander Protector, the secretary of Zemarchus, who lead a Byzantine diplomatic mission sent to by Justinian I to Istämi, the ruler of the Göktürk Qaghanate. A nearby town of Jamukat, founded by Sogdian refugees from Bukhara who fled the tyrant Abrui (Abarzi) also appears in 6th century chronicles. Talas was later described by many other medieval writers, including Xuanzang, who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote: "Traveling 144-150 li west of Zangzuang we arrived to a town Ta-la-sy. The city is 8-9^[specify] in circumference. Traders from diffent countries and Sogdians live in it."^{[citation needed]} After brief Tang Chinese rule (657-704) Taraz was incorporated into the Turgesh Qaghanate and served as its capital from 715 until the beginning of a civil war (737) which led to the fall of the qaghanate. The Battle of Talas (751) is believed to have been fought southeast of Taraz, in today's Kyrgyzstan.

The city accepted Islam after being conquered in 893 by the Samanid governor of Samarqand. In 942 it was captured by Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan and became an autonomous city within the Kara-Khanid Khanate. The city prospered in the following century and important mausoleums were constructed, including the Karakhan Mausoleum, Ayshah Bibi and Babadji Khatun. The city was visited by Al-Muqaddasi during this time. In the 12th century Taraz was absorbed into the Seljuk Empire, and then into the Kara-Khitan Khanate. In 1209 the city was conquered by the Shah of Khwarezm who destroyed it and moved the population. A small settlement was briefly re-established on the site, until being razed completely during the war between the children of Chagatai Khan.

A new town was built on the same site 600 years later by the Khanate of Kokand as a frontier fort, and was named Aulie-Ata (Kazakh: Әулие́-Ата, Russian: Аулие́-Ата, Turkic for "Holy Father" - a reference to the founder of the Kara-Khanid Dynasty). The town was taken by Russia in 1864. Aulie-Ata grew substantially after the end of the Russian Civil War and was renamed "Mirzoyan" in 1936 and "Dzhambul" in 1938 (after Kazakh poet Zhambyl Zhabayev).

Located on Turkestan-Siberia Railway, the city based its economy on agriculture and cattle production. Aulie-Ata breed of cattle was developed in the area and is named after the city. Several phosphorite plants were constructed in 1970s and 1980s, leading to further growth, as well as substantial environmental damage.

The city became a part of independent Republic of Kazakhstan in 1991 and was renamed Taraz in 1997.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistoric times 1.2 Antiquity 1.3 Medieval Taraz 1.3.1 Early References 1.3.2 Islamic and Persian period 1.3.3 Mongols 1.3.4 Kazakh Rule 1.4 From Aulie-Ata to Modern Taraz 1.4.1 A Kokand Fortress 1.4.2 Russian rule 1.4.3 After independence 2 References

[edit] History

Numerous archaeological finds and monuments in the foothills of Karatau and in Talas-Assin oasis show the antiquity of settlements in the Talas River valley, supportinging Taraz' claim to being the most ancient city in Kazakhstan. The history of the city is comprized of several historical periods, interrupted by destruction and depopulation. The first reference hostrically recorded city linked with Taraz and the basis for the claim of 2000 year old history is the fortress of Zhizhi that briefly existed at the site of modern day Taraz in the first century BC. A city known as "Taraz" or "Talas" is then recorded in 568 CE and is known to exist until its destruction in 1209. The third historical period begins with the establishment of Aulie-Ata (later renamed Dzhambul and eventually Taraz again) on the same site and lasts till today.

[edit] Prehistoric times

Discovery of caves and ancient campsites during the investigation of the eastern part of the Talas-Assinsky Oasis, in the Karatau Ranges spur has confirmed Bernshtam's opinion (expressed in 1903) that the Talas Valley was settled before the 1st century BC: "It is doubtless that the continuation of valley's research will give older testimonies of man's stay."^{[citation needed]} Remnants of material culture that were found during excavation of Taraz speak about the lifestyle in this territory to the Neolithic period.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Antiquity

The discovery of chest ornaments, bronze statues of kings and remnants of ceramic products in separate parts of the Talas river valley are the evidence of the existence of the life in Taraz region in the bronze epoch. According to the archaeological excavation and available written sources tribal unions of Saka Scythians) had been formed in this territory by the 7th-8th centuries B.C.^{[citation needed]}

Hanshu, 70 from 1st-century, talk about the fortress constructed on Talas River by Zhizhi Chanyu, a prince of Xiongnu. The fortress is believed to have been at the site of modern Taraz.

[edit] Medieval Taraz

[edit] Early References

The opinion was expressed in 1903 by the authors of the book Turkistan^{[citation needed]} that ancient Taraz was situated under modern Taraz. However scarcity of information, inaccuracy of descriptions, and weakness of geography made it impossible to know the location until 1936. Professor V.V. Barthold's research established that the location of ancient Taraz was under the Green Bazaar. Further research and archaeological excavations, which were made by an expedition of The USSR Academy of Science in 1938 under the supervision of A. Bernshtam and G. Patsevich to the depth 2-6 meters, made it possible to reconstruct the appearance and cultural – economic importance of ancient Taraz. The latest archaeological data has considerably expanded ideas about Taraz.

568 A.D. is generally accepted as the year of Taraz's founding according to Greek sources. The first written mention of the city is at this time^{[citation needed]}. At that time the Great Silk Road crossed Southern Kazakhstan. It had arisen as the result of the development and strengthening of political and economic ties between the largest countries of that epoch such as China, India, Byzantium, Persia and Ancient Russia. It played a major role in trade and cultural exchange between them. Its location promoted Taraz's development as a fortified trade-craft city of the greatest transcontinental route in the history. A comparatively gentle climate, fertile soil and rich pastures attracted many stock-breeder and farmers. In the 60-s of the 6th century the political and economic relationship of the above mentioned largest states of that time involved the territory of the Turk Khanate, which included Taraz. The struggle between Persian and Byzantium for the control above the major trade route forced both sides to look for allies. Byzantium sent ambassadors to the Western Turk Khanate, and Zemarkha Kililyskyi arrived in Taraz in 568. Simultaneously the Persians sent their ambassador to the Turks, but Istemi Khan was on the side of Byzantium.

Unfortunately, it is not illustrated in the written sources of that time what Taraz looked like but it is said to have been a big city^{[citation needed]}. The Chinese pilgrim Huan Tsiang, who passed through Taraz in 630 came to the Ta-lo-se having travelled 8 or 9 li. (according to the Chinese measures this equals 576m) in this city alternately. Due to written sources and archaeological investigation it is known from the 1st BC to 5th AD Kangui (Kanglu) tribes lived in the Talas River Valley. Similarity between the excavated materials of Taraz and the Kurgans of the Gynskyi and Usunskyi-Kanguiskyi tribes show the introduction of Turkic language. Mongolian features and elements appear in the settled culture of local mainly European population. According to A. N. Bernshtam's statement it was a period of ethnogenesis for Central Asia's modern Turkic populations^{[citation needed]} Taraz was joined to the Western Turk Khanate. It felt, like other cities of the region, the influence of Sogdian culture.

The research proves, that in Taraz as other cities in Southern Kazakhstan, Turks were the major population in 4th-13th centuries, together with Sarts, Arabs and Persians^{[citation needed]}. Written sources, of Paleo-Anthropological material that was collected in Kurgans of Southern Kazakhstan show the existence of close ties between Tarazand the Aypchaks, Qarluq populations of nearby valleys. As a result of interbreeding struggle at the beginning of 8th century Turk Khanate the Turgish tribe of the Ili River was divided into two branches Yellow and Black. The Black(Kara) Turgish owned the region of the Talas River Valley. In the middle of 7th century Taraz became their capital. In 751 in the Talas river region, upstream from the modern city, Chinese troops, including Kara-Turgish mercenaries confronted the Arabs and Turgish and were demolished. Despite the victory the Arabs retreated. In 766 Kara-Turgish torn by the internecine war, were demolished by Qarluks from the northwest. Later nearly all the tribes of the former Western Turk Khanate were Conquered.

[edit] Islamic and Persian period

After the Arab conquest of Central Asia the Persian Samanid State appeared in Central-Asia, and by 9th century they had a major part of Central Asia including the Talas River Valley in their hands. By this time Taraz, developing little by little had been a rich city-state typical of Central Asia with a large population and vast agricultural zone. With the arrival of the Samanids, Islam was introduced in Taraz, replacing other religions, existing before (Mazdaism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Tengrism). The state language of the Samanids was Persian. By the 10th century Taraz had acquired the distinctive features of Central Asian city^{[citation needed]}. Its planning clearly expressed the social inequality of various groups in society. Ancient Taraz reached the climax of its development in 11th-12th century under the Karakhanids. Instead of more or less centralized state like the Samanids, Karakhanid Central Asia was divided into many small fiefdoms. Taraz became an important centre. The political independence of Taraz and autonomy of the circle [?] promoted their development. The power of the city under one of the rulers, Tugan-Khan, was so great that he independently waged a military campaign against Samarkand and temporarily captured it. Kashgar was invaded and it was under the Taraz's power during 15 months. Certainly, this political power was the result of the economic importance of the city. In the Karakhanid Era the main part of Taraz, the Shahristan and Arg, did not grow beyond their sizes in the previous Qarluq-Samanid Era. The Arg lost its main significance in the city's life. The Shahristan became the heart of economic and cultural life of the city. It was there that all the military, administrative, cultural and other establishments that governed life in the medieval feudal city-state took place. At this time in the city and its countryside the mausoleums of Aisha-Bibi and Karakhan were built. Taraz had an underground water system made of terracotta pipes, paved streets, and sewage collection. Of great interest is the Taraz Banya, which was multiple-domed building built from fired brick. In due course under the influence of internecine wars the Karakhanids lost their power and in the end of 12th century the city was taken by the Kara-Khitans. In 1210 Kara-Khitans were defeated by Khwarazmshah Mohammed.

[edit] Mongols

It did not last long because in 1220 nearly all Central Asia and the territory of modern Kazakhstan were invaded by Mongols. There were no written documents about Taraz's growth under the Mongols after they razed it to the ground. Remnants of fire founf during the excavation show that the city was burnt. Probably the town was renamed as Yany ('New'), while mentioning it, European as well as Arabic sources write "The city Yany, named Taraz before the conquest." The archaeological finds show that the once-lively city under the Mongolian yoke lost its previous significance and independence. The blooming of settled life in Taraz ended and decline began. Under the Chagatayids (descendants of Chagatai Khan) coins were minted in Taraz until 1334. The Tsareviches, who, as Vasa of 14th century states, "burnt the Golden Horde, destroyed Taraz and other cities, and killed the population. They took everything they could take burnt the rest. There was a mention of the city again in 1345 in the road guide book as a city laid on the trade route from Maw'ara un-nahr to Almalyk." ^[1] Steady, internecine war in Central Asia, interfered with the trade with distant countries, and the opening of the sea route from the Western European countries to India stopped the trade on the ancient silk road and led to the decline of the cities that were situated on this road.

[edit] Kazakh Rule

Lost in time, Taraz is mentioned again in 1513 with the coming of the Kazakh tribes. The once famous medieval city and former capital had become a simple settlement, then it was forgotten, as well as its ancient name. By the 16th century the city's territory had been absorbed into the Kazakh Khanate. The archaeological excavation shows Kazakh nomads were involved in the rebirth of Taraz with cultural links connecting the ancient medieval city with the culture of Kazakh people^{[citation needed]}. The confirmation of it is the names of artificial channels stretched from the city. Under the Kazakh Khans in ancient Taraz there was just a small settlement, the inhabitants of which were engaged in craft, agriculture and cattle breeding. In 1723 the Talas Valley, as well as the major part of southern Kazakhstan were invaded by Dzungars who owned it nearly until 1755. At that time the Kazakh tribe community came back to their place and began to reconstruct the irrigation system in the Talas Valley.

[edit] From Aulie-Ata to Modern Taraz

[edit] A Kokand Fortress

In the beginning of 19th century the upper part of the Talas River Valley was again invaded by newcomers. This time it was the Qipchaq soldiers of the Khanate of Kokand. They built a few small fortresses for guarding the border and the caravan route mainly on the ancient cities ruins. Due to the comparatively advantageous position of the fortress which was built on the ruins of ancient Taraz a new town began quickly to grow around it. At first it was named Namangan Koche, as the first settlements were from the Uzbek city Namangan. In 1856 it was renamed Aulie-Ata, in the honour of Karakhan the founder of Karakhanid dynasty. Mullahs, using a legend about the mausoleum of Karakhan in 12th built a new mausoleum with minarets, which had nothing in common with the older one. This new mausoleum preserved the ancient name 'Aulie-Ata' (holy father). The town took the same name. By this time the city had become a considerable trade craft center. Annually a large spring fair was held there. The products of craftsman and agriculture were changed for the things of cattle-breeders. Large consignments of livestock bought at the fair were sent to Tashkent and Fergana through the Karrabul Pass in the Talas-Alatau. The caravan way passed through the city to the north-through Akmolinsk (Astana) and Petropavlovsk (Petropavl), to Omsk.

[edit] Russian rule

In 1864 Aulie-Ata surrendered after a short siege by Russian forces led by General Mikhail Grigorievich Cherniaev. Soon the line of Russian fortifications across the steppe was connected through Chimkent with the Syr-Darya line. The whole part of this land was included in the Russian state. A new Russian quarter was added to old Aulie-Ata. Its streets were lined with pyramidal poplars, and new houses were built with brick. By that time there were 2,000-3,000 families with houses, shops, mansions, and small adobe houses of the poor. At first it was ruled by a military administration, later in 1867 it became the center of an Uyezd occupying nearly all of the territory of the modern Dzhambul and Talask oblasts in Kazakhstan. The city continued to play a great role in the livestock trade and in breeding. There appeared some small industrial undertakings, including wine-making. In 1876 the first school of a European type was opened by a Russian priest. At that time there were 11,700 inhabitants in the town - besides Russians and Ukrainians there were a lot of Sarts; Kazakhs were nearly absent, as they led a nomadic way of life. A full description of the city at the beginning of 20th century is given in Russian. It is mentioned that Aulie-Ata had a large market fair and some transport offices. The population consisted of Russians, Sarts and Kazakhs. There were 3 churches, 2 mosques, a post telegraph office, a city urban school, a hospital, a military hospital, factories and plants, 1791 apartment houses, 1905 [?] inhabitants^{[citation needed]}. The organization of public services was on a low level, houses were mainly built of adobe.

During the first two decades following the Russian Revolution and the Civil War, Aulie-Ata remained a small town. It was re-named Mirzoyan (Russian: "Мизроян") in 1936, and then Dzhambul (Russian: "Джамбул", Kazakh: "Жамбыл") after Zhambyl Zhabayev in 1938. Starting the in the 1930s, Dzhambul, along with other places in Kazakhstan, became the destination for large numbers of the deported peoples, victims of the exile policy under Stalin. Millions of Volga Germans, Chechens, Ukrainians, Koreans and other ethnic minorities, along with other marginalized subjects (former kulaks, members of the aristocracy, families of convicted "enemies of the people," etc.) were forced to relocate to Kazakhstan, many of whom settled in Dzhambul. Some were evacuated to Kazakhstan, and to Dzhambul, during WWII from the areas that were, or were feared to come, under German occupation. The city's population continued to grow throughout the 1960s and 1970s in spite of the end of exiles, due to an industrial spurt the city received during that time. As a result, Dzhambul had a highly diverse population comprised of multiple ethnic groups, the largest being the Russians, followed by the Kazakhs. Fast-paced industrialization brought many amenities of modern urban living to the city, previously largely unknown, such as typical Soviet apartment blocks as well as condo-style houses, now all supplied with electricity and running water; roads and public transport; several higher education institution; large public parks, department stores, etc.

Although chemical and construction industries made up the core of the city's economy, Dzhambul continued to function as an unofficial trade post with its proximity to the other Central Asian republics and a relatively mobile population. The city was known in the area for its large bazaars with farmers selling agricultural produce from throughout the region.

[edit] After independence

Dzhambul, along with much of Kazakhstan, suffered a severe economic crisis in the early 1990s after the break-up of the Soviet Union, with many industries coming to an almost complete halt. The demographics of the city have changed drastically as well. The city lost a significant portion of its population with the exodus of the various nationalities that once made up its diversity, notably the Volga Germans and the Jews, as well as many Russians and Ukrainians. This trend was partially off-set by the migration of Kazakhs from rural areas into the city. The city's name was changed to its Kazakh spelling (Zhambyl) in the early 1992 and to Taraz (Тараз) in 1997. The city's economy has experienced a partial revival in the early 2000s. The city has established a sister city relationship with Fresno, California, USA according to Sister Cities International.

[edit] References

• Что было в Тысячелетиях Тараза
• Semirech'e
• Тараз 2000 - Исторические очерки
• Qarakhanid Dynasty (Encyclopedia Britannica

Coordinates: 42°54′N, 71°22′E