Taos Revolt
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| Mexican–American War |
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| Fort Texas – Palo Alto – Resaca de la Palma – Cañoncito – Santa Fe – Monterrey – 1st Tabasco – San Pasqual – El Brazito – Rio San Gabriel – La Mesa – Cañada – Mora – Embudo Pass – Pueblo de Taos – Buena Vista – Sacramento – Veracruz – Cerro Gordo – Tuxpan – 2nd Tabasco – Contreras – Churubusco – Molino del Rey – Chapultepec – Mexico City – Huamantla – Puebla |
The Taos Revolt was a popular insurrection against the American occupation of present-day New Mexico in 1847 during the Mexican-American War.
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[edit] Background
In August 1846, New Mexico fell to U.S. forces under Stephen Watts Kearny, as Governor Manuel Armijo surrendered at the Battle of Santa Fe without firing a shot. When Kearny departed for California, he left Colonel Sterling Price in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico and appointed Charles Bent as New Mexico's first territorial governor.
Many New Mexicans were unreconciled to Armijo's surrender and U.S. rule. Following Kearny's departure, dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising. Ultimately discovered by the American authorities, the planned uprising was postponed.
[edit] Revolt
On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos (present-day Taos, New Mexico). They were led by a Hispanic man, Pablo Montoya and a Taos Indian, Tomás Romero, known as Tomasito.
The Indians, led by Tomasito, went to the home of Governor Charles Bent, broke down the door, shot Bent several times with arrows, and scalped him in front of his wife and children. Several other government officials were likewise murdered and scalped. Among them were Stephen Lee, acting county sheriff; Cornelio Vigil, prefect and probate judge; and J.W. Leal, circuit attorney.
The next day a large mob of approximately 500 Mexicans and Indians attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley's Mill in Arroyo Hondo, several miles outside of Taos. Charles Autobees, an employee at the mill, saw the crowd coming and rode to Santa Fe to inform the occupying American forces about the revolt and to get help, leaving eight to ten mountain men to defend the mill. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men, John David Albert and Autobees' half brother Thomas Tate Tobin, survived, both escaping separately on foot during the confusion of night fighing. On that same day Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders passing through the village of Mora.
"It appeared," wrote Colonel Sterling Price, "to be the object of the insurrectionists to put to death every...[m]an who had accepted office under the American government."
[edit] American response
The Americans moved quickly to quash the revolt. The insurgents were defeated at the Battle of Mora by Captain Jesse I. Morin. Meanwhile, over 300 U.S. troops led by Colonel Price left Santa Fe for Taos, together with approximately 65 volunteers (including a few New Mexicans) organized by Ceran St. Vrain, Bent's business partner. Along the way, they beat back a force of some 1,500 Mexicans and Indians at Santa Cruz de la Cañada and Embudo Pass. The insurgents retreated to Taos Pueblo and took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church there. Concentrated cannon fire upon the church killed about 150 rebels and led to the capture of 400 more.
[edit] Aftermath
Price set up a court under martial law in Taos to try the captured insurgents. The judges appointed were Joab Houghton, a close friend of Charles Bent, and Charles Beaubien, the father of Narcisse Beaubien, who had been killed on January 19. George Bent, Charles Bent’s brother, was foreman of the jury. Among the members of the jury were Narcisse Beaubien’s brother-in-law Lucien Maxwell and several friends of the Bents. Ceran St. Vrain served as court interpreter. Since the Anglo community in Taos was small and several had already been killed by the rebels the jury pool was also small. The jury also had several people on it who, if they had been caught by the rebels, would have probably been murdered. The court was in session for fifteen days, and fifteen men were found guilty of murder and treason and sentenced to death.
On April 9, six of the accused insurgents were hanged in Taos plaza, and two weeks later another five were executed. In all at least 28 men were hanged in Taos. A year later the U.S. Secretary of War reviewed the case and said that one man who had been hanged for treason, Pablo Salazar, might have been wrongfully convicted; the U.S. Supreme Court agreed. All other convictions were affirmed.
With the revolt firmly suppressed and law and order established, Price returned to Santa Fe where he continued to discharge the civil and military functions of military governor of the territory.
[edit] References
- Broadhead, Edward, Ceran St. Vrain, Pueblo,Colorado, Pueblo County Historical Society, 2004
- Connor, Buck. Thomas Tate Tobin. Retrieved on September 17, 2006.
- Durand, John, The Taos Massacres, Puzzlebox Press, Elkhorn, Wisconsin, 2004
- Garrard, Lewis H., Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Oklahoma, 1955, originally published in 1850
- Herrera, Carlos R., New Mexico Resistance to U.S. Occupation, published in The Contested Homeland, A Chicano History of New Mexico, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000
- Moore, Mike. John Albert: One of Colorado's Own. Retrieved on September 16, 2006.
- Niles' National Register, NNR 72.038, March 20 1847, available at [1]
- Perkins, James E. (1999). Tom Tobin: Frontiersman. Herodotus Press. ISBN 0-9675562-0-1. Online book review at Denver Post.
- Simmons, Marc (1973). The Little Lion of the Southwest: a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves. Chicago: The Swallow Press. ISBN 0-8040-0633-4.
- Twitchell, Ralph Emerson, The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from 1846 to 1851, Denver, Colorado: The Smith-Brooks Company Publishers, 1909
