Tannaim

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rabbinical Eras

Tannaim (תנאים) is the plural term (singular tanna) for the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approx. 70-200 CE. The period of the Tannaim (also referred to as the Mishnaic period) came after the period of the Zugot ("pairs"), and before the period of the Amoraim; lasting about 130 years.

The root tanna (תנא) is the Aramaic equivalent for the Hebrew root shanah (שנה), which also is the root-word of Mishnah. The verb shanah (שנה) literally means "to repeat [what one was taught]" and is used to mean "to learn".

The Mishnaic period is commonly divided up into five periods according to generations. There are approximately 120 known Tannaim.

The Tannaim lived in several areas of the Land of Israel. The spiritual center of Judaism at that time was Jerusalem, but after the destruction of the city and the Second Temple, Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai and his students founded a new religious center in Yavne. Other places of Judaic learning were founded by his students in Lod and in Bnei Brak.

Many of the Tannaim worked as laborers (e.g., charcoal burners, cobblers) in addition to their positions as teachers and legislators. They were also leaders of the people, and negotiators with the Roman Empire.

Contents

[edit] The origin of the Tannaim

The Tannaim operated under the occupation of the Roman Empire. During this time, the Kohanim (priests) of the temple became increasingly corrupt, many belonged to the Sadducees, and were seen by the Jewish people as collaborators with the Romans, whose mismanagement of Judea led to riots, revolts and general resentment. Throughout much of the period, the office of the Kohen Gadol (High Priest) was rented out to the highest bidder, and the priests themselves extorted as much as they could from the pilgrims who came to sacrifice at the temple.

The conflict between the high priesthood and the people led to the split between the Sadducees and the Pharisees. The Sadducees (of the high priesthood) were supported by the Hasmonean royal family, and later by the Romans. The Pharisees were a more egalitarian sect; they accepted students from all the tribes, not only the Levites, and they also taught laws in addition to those set forth in the Torah. These laws make up the Mishnah, whose compilation marked the end of the period of the Tannaim.

Up until the days of Hillel and Shammai (the last generation of the Zugot), there were few disagreements among Rabbinic scholars. After this period, though, the "House of Hillel" and the "House of Shammai" represent two distinct perspectives on Jewish law, and disagreements between the two "houses" are found throughout the Mishnah.

[edit] Prominent Tannaim

[edit] The Nesi'im

Main article: Nasi

The following were Nesi'im, that is to say presidents of the Sanhedrin.

[edit] Their titles

Rabban was a higher title than Rabbi, given to the Nasi starting with Rabban Gamliel Hazaken. The title was confined to the descendants of Hillel, the sole exception being Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai, the leader of the Jews in Jerusalem during the siege of Jerusalem, who tried to save the future of the Jewish people by pleading with Vespasian. Rabbi Elazar ben Azaria, who was also Nasi, is not given this title, perhaps because he only held the position of Nasi for a short while and it eventually reverted to the descendants of Hillel. Prior to Rabban Gamliel Hazaken, no titles were used before someone's name; as the Talmud says, Gadol MiRabban Shmo (greater then the title Rabban is his own name). For this reason Hillel has no title before his name: his name in itself is his title, just as Moses and Abraham have no titles before their names. (An addition is sometimes given after a name to denote significance or to differentiate between two people with the same name. Examples are Avraham Avinu (Abraham our father), Moshe Rabbeinu (Moses our teacher), Aharon Hakohen (Aaron the Kohen), Yosef Hatzaddik (Joseph the righteous), David Hamelech (David the King), Shimshon Hagibbor (Samson the strong), Ezra Hasofer (Ezra the scribe) and Rabban Gamliel de'Yavne (of Yavne).) Starting with Rabbi (that is Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Nasi), not even the Nasi is given the title Rabban, but instead, Rabbi is given the lofty title Rabbeinu Hakadosh (our holy teacher and master).

[edit] The generations of the Tannaim

[edit] Before the destruction of the Second Temple

[edit] The generation of the destruction

[edit] Between the destruction of the Temple to the revolt of Bar Kokhba

[edit] The generation of Bar Kokhba's revolt

[edit] After the revolt

[edit] Compilers of the Mishnah

[edit] See also

[edit] External link

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../t/a/n/Tannaim.html"
In other languages