Swedish people

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For information about the population of Sweden, see demographics of Sweden.

For other uses of "Swede", see Swede (disambiguation).

The Swedish people or Swedes (Swedish: svenskar) are defined as an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common Swedish culture, speaking the Swedish language as a mother tongue and being of Swedish descent.

The largest area inhabited by ethnic Swedes, as well as the earliest known original area inhabited by their linguistic ancestors, is on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the islands adjacent to it, situated west of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. The Swedish-speaking people living in near-coastal areas on the north-eastern and eastern side of the Baltic Sea also have a long history of continuous settlement, which in some of these areas possibly started about a millennium ago. These people include the Swedish-speaking Finns - who consist of the Swedish-speaking minority in mainland Finland speaking Finland Swedish and the almost exclusively Swedish-speaking population of the Åland Islands speaking in a manner closer to the adjacent dialects in Sweden than to adjacent dialects of Finland Swedish - and the small Swedish-speaking minority in Estonia. Smaller groups of historical descendants of 18th-19th century Swedish emigrants who still retain some forms of Swedish identity to this day can be found in the Americas and in Ukraine.

The ancient Germanic tribe of the Suiones, sometimes called Svear in academic works, were at the roots of Swedish statehood and contemporary with the Geats and the Daner in Scandinavia. Notably, in modern Scandinavian languages, with the exception of Icelandic, there is a distinction between svenskar and svear (as between danskar (Danes) and Daner), since the latter term does not include the Geats and the Gotlanders and other populations whose descendants acquired a Swedish ethnicity.

According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms showed a noticeable genetic affinity between Swedes and central Europeans, especially Germans. (these conclusions are also valid for Norwegians)^[4] For the global genetic make-up of the Swedish people and other peoples, see also: [3] and [4]

Contents 1 Ethnic Swedes 2 Swedish speakers outside Sweden 3 National character 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Ethnic Swedes

In English texts, the concept of ethnic Swedes may or may not be used for the following:

• People of Swedish heritage, typically immigrants to the Americas (usually called "Swedish Americans)
• Minorities outside of Sweden with Swedish as their mother tongue, who however might not designate themselves as "ethnically Swedish"
  • The inhabitants of the Swedish-speaking Åland Islands, part of Finland due to international treaties
  • The approximately 265,000 Swedish-speaking Finns in mainland Finland
  • The few Swedish-speaking people living in northwestern mainland Estonia and on adjacent islands and on the island of Ruhnu (Runö) in the Gulf of Riga (Estonia-Swedes, in Swedish: estlandssvenskar)
  • The few Swedish-speaking people living in Gammalsvenskby ("Old Swedish Village") in Ukraine

In Sweden, the connotation of Swede, when used without qualifications, often means a person who is

• a citizen of Sweden,
• living in Sweden, and
• who has Swedish parents.

Not all Swedes would agree with such a usage. Some claim that immigrants and their offspring are Swedes, based primarily on the immigrant’s acquisition of the Swedish language.

In a Swedish mindset, the concept of ethnic Swedes is used chiefly in the following contexts:

• To distinguish Swedes from Swedish citizens who are naturalized immigrants but not ethnic Swedish. (See: New Swedes)
• To distinguish, typically in school settings, pupils of immigrant heritage from those without

In addition, ethnic Swedes is sometimes used to include Swedish speakers not living in Sweden such as the following:

• The Swedish-speaking minority living in mainland Finland and the exclusively Swedish-speaking population of Åland, which is an autonomous part of Finland
• The Swedish-speaking minority living in Estonia (Estonia-Swedes)
• The descendants of Swedes who immigrated to places like the US and Canada, some of whom still speak Swedish (Swedish Americans)
• The Swedish-speaking minority living in Gammalsvenskby (Old Swedish Village) in Ukraine.

The majority of the "Estonia-Swedes" who reside in Estonia and most "Ukraine-Swedes" do not speak Swedish any more, but may yet be considered ethnic Swedes (cf ethnic German). In a nationalist context, the ethnic Swedes living outside Sweden are sometimes called "East-Swedes" (in Swedish: östsvenskar), to distinguish them from the ethnic Swedes living in Sweden proper, called rikssvenskar or västsvenskar ("Western-Swedes"), reflecting irredentist sentiments.

[edit] Swedish speakers outside Sweden

The Swedish-speaking Finns form a minority group in Finland of about 265,000, comprising 5.10% of the population of mainland Finland, or 5.50 %[5] if the 26,000 inhabitants of Åland are included (there are also about 60,000 Swedish-speaking Finns currently resident in Sweden).

The presence of Swedish speaking permanent residents in what is now Estonia (Estonia-Swedes) was first documented in the 14th century, and possibly dates back to the Viking Age. There were an estimated 12,000 Swedes resident in Estonia in 1563. Estonia was under Swedish rule 1558–1710, after which the territory was ceded to Russia in the 1721 Treaty of Nystad. In 1781, 1,300 Estonia-Swedes of the island of Hiiumaa (Dagö) were forced to move to Ukraine by Catherine II of Russia, where they formed Gammalsvenskby (Old Swedish Village). According to the 1934 census there were 7,641 Estonia-Swedes (Swedish speaking, 0.7% of the population in Estonia), making Swedes the third largest national minority in Estonia, after Russians and Germans. During World War II almost the entire community of Estonia-Swedes fled to Sweden. Today there are, at most, a few hundred Estonia-Swedes living in Estonia and a few hundred in Ukraine, with the estimates varying widely depending on who identifies, or can be identified, as a Swede.

[edit] National character

It is of course difficult to pinpoint the national character of the Swedes considering the differences between the people of Skåne and Lapland or city and countryside for instance.

Many Swedes have rather reserved personalities compared to other cultures, which has led to the stereotype of quiet, cold, unfriendly Swedes. However, in spite of the common shyness, Swedes are generally nice, friendly people, just typically less outgoing than many other cultures.^[5] As such, Swedes tend to be somewhat wary around unknown people, and it can be difficult for foreigners and immigrants to assimilate in Sweden.^[5][6] At the same time, Swedes are well known for their tolerance and appreciation of other cultures.^[7] Many people have noticed a dramatic difference between winter Swedes and summer Swedes, because people's moods tend to be affected by the cold, dark winters.^[8] One misconception is that Sweden and the Swedes are overly permissive regarding sex and nudism. This misconception may be due to Sweden's early legalization of pornography and early implementation of sex education in school. These days, Sweden is not very tolerant of the sex industry. Paying for a sex worker's services is illegal and pornography is seen as oppressive and degrading, particularly to women, by most leading politicians.

Many Swedes enjoy hiking as well as using nature for various forms of exercise and/or recreation, such as picking berries and mushrooms or hunting.^[7] As a result Sweden created Allemansrätten [6], the right of public access to the wilderness, allowing almost free access to nature even on private property. For Swedes, taking a walk in the woods is not unlike a visit to church.^[7]

Sweden is located in the vodka belt and drinking was a problem until the temperance movement gained influence. Swedes now rarely drink alcohol during the work week, but instead binge drink during the weekends, although drinking habits have become more 'continental' in recent decades.^[7] As such many Swedes tend to become much more outgoing on the weekends. To prevent excessive drinking, alcohol sales are handled by a government monopoly, Systembolaget, who impose a high sales tax. The high cost of alcohol, which is even higher in pubs and restaurants, has led to the tradition of grunda (building a foundation), or more often förkröka ("pre-drinking"), i.e. gathering at home and drinking before going out.^[7]

As elsewhere in Scandinavia, Swedes often take pride in having an average social standing. If you are rich you often don't show it off in a manner that looks out of the ordinary and you often downplay it when talking about it. If you have a large house in the archipelago you may say that you have "A house a bit outside town."^[7] Lagom is a Swedish word that lacks a counterpart in most languages. It basically means "just the right amount, but not too much." This explains the Swedish desire to live a normal, pleasant life. Elitism is often frowned upon, and Swedes speak of Jantelagen and Swedish jealousy as norms which keep people in their place, even though these norms have become slightly more lax in recent years. Egalitarianism remains a strong ideal in Sweden. Swedes prefer a polite yet casual form of interaction, without strict rules dividing social groups. It is perfectly normal to greet your boss or teacher using first name or nickname.^[7]

Since for the larger part of the year the weather is wet in one way or another Swedes remove their shoes when visiting somebody. If it's a more formal occasion you bring indoor shoes with you in a bag and change.^[7]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Sweden was an international leader in what is now referred to as the sexual revolution, with gender equality particularly promoted during this time.^[8]

Physically, Swedes are often stereotyped as being tall, beautiful and blonde; with strikingly fair complexions; long, thick, blonde hair; green or blue eyes; and a generally elegant disposition. As with most stereotypes, this one is somewhat inaccurate; just under 50% of Swedes are naturally blonde (which is a relatively high rate compared to the United States or other germanic speaking countries such as England and Germany), plenty are not lean but overweight, and the Lapps in the north of Sweden have dark hair and eye colour (though many would not consider them to be "ethnic Swedish").

[edit] See also

• List of Swedes
• Swedish Canadian
• Swedish American
• New Swedes

[edit] References

1. ^ http://www.scb.se/templates/Product____25785.asp
2. ^ US Census Bureau [1]
3. ^ The ABS estimates in a 2003 study that there are between 50,000 and 150,000 people claiming Swedish ancestry living in Australia. The middle number has been used, and no change since 03 has been assumed. [2]
4. ^ http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf
5. ^ ^{a b} Swedish Mentality by Åke Daun
6. ^ The essence of Nordishness
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Bengts, Marie; Uli Buno, Silvia Nilson-Puccio. Den svenska koden. ISBN 91-88783-39-1. 
8. ^ ^{a b} The Swedish myths: True, false or somewhere in between?

[edit] External links

• In Search of Swedish Nature
• A Typical Swede (humorous article, with some gross stereotypes and inaccuracies, but also some truths)
• The Swedes Revealed
• The Global Etiquette Guide: Sweden