Swedish-speaking Finns
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Swedish-speaking Finns (often called Finland Swedes or Finnish Swedes, see below) constitute a linguistic and cultural minority in Finland. They speak a dialect group and a standard language that are both called Finland Swedish and that are mostly mutually intelligible with the dialects spoken in Sweden.
Swedish is the mother tongue of about 265,000 people in mainland Finland and of about 25,000 people in Åland, together representing about 5.50% of the total population (according to official statistics for 2005 1) or about 5.08% without Åland. The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century, when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population (estimate for 18152).
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[edit] History
The Swedish-speaking minority of Finland descends chiefly from the following:
- The Norse inhabitants of the Åland Islands, who probably lived there already in the Iron Age.
- Peasants and fishermen who settled in coastal areas and on islands in the current territory of Finland some time between 1000 and 1250 CE. [1]PDF
- Settlers who arrived together with Christian clerics and administrators in the Middle Ages of Finland (13th to 15th century).
- Settlers from Sweden throughout the period of close connections with Sweden, ca 15th to 19th century.
- Finnish farmers and fishers living in or near Swedish-dominated regions.
- Socially ambitious Finnish families who switched to Swedish and/or raised their children in Swedish. (Finnish became a written language only in the late 16th century. Swedish was for many centuries the only official language and the only or main language of many fields of science and the most powerful sectors of society. This ultimately lead to the administrative elite having only limited knowledge of the majority language, Finnish.) For example some Swedish-speaking noble families such as Carpelan (Karppalainen), Tawaststjerna, and Kurck (Kurki) have Finnish origins.
- Foreign immigrants. Many immigrants, particularly merchants, officials, and the elite, chose to learn and adopt Swedish instead of Finnish. For example, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, a Swedish-speaking military leader and president of Finland in the early 20th century, had his roots in the Netherlands. Many Swedish-speaking families also have German Baltic roots.
About 60,000 Swedish speakers are estimated to have emigrated to Sweden during the second half of the 20th century (compared to a total of about 540,000 Finnish emigrants to Sweden during the same period).[citation needed]
The number of Swedish speakers in Finland reached its maximum of 354,286 persons in 1940.
[edit] Identity
The Swedish-speaking Finns meet the four major criteria of a separate ethnic group, in other words self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure, and ancestry.[1]
In general, Swedish speaking Finns have their own identity distinct from that of the majority, and they wish to be recognized as such.[2] In speaking Swedish, Swedish Finns predominantly use the Swedish word finländare ("Finlander") when referring to all Finnish nationals. The purpose is to use a term that includes both themselves and Finnish-speaking Finns because the Swedish word finnar, in Finland-Swedish usage, implies a Finnish-speaking Finn. In Sweden, this distinction between finländare and finnar is not widely understood and often not made. "Finlander" is also used by some in English, but this expression is not usually used by native English speakers in carefully edited texts. The expression is outdated and can label its user as being uneducated or as someone who does not know the current correct demonym for inhabitants of Finland. Its use is equivalent to the equally erroneous "Switzerlander".
Interaction between the language groups is very common, and a family may freely choose to send their children to schools of either language. In families where the parents come from different language groups, they often decide to speak both languages with the children such that each parent consistently speaks only Swedish or Finnish, whereby the children become totally bilingual. The Finnish authorities classify a person as a Swedish or Finnish speaker based only upon that person's (or parent's) own choice, which can be changed at any time.
[edit] Bilingualism
| Swedish Finns as a percentage of Finland's population 2 3 |
|
|---|---|
| Year | Percent |
| 1610 | 17.5% |
| 1749 | 16.3% |
| 1815 | 14.6% |
| 1880 | 14.3% |
| 1900 | 12.9% |
| 1920 | 11.0% |
| 1940 | 9.5% |
| 1960 | 7.4% |
| 1980 | 6.3% |
| 2003 | 5.6% |
| 2005 | 5.5% |
Finland is a bilingual country according to its constitution. This means that members of the Swedish language minority have the right to communicate with the authorities in their mother tongue. On the municipal level, this right is however in practice restricted to municipalities with a certain minimum of speakers of the minority language. All Finnish communities and towns are classified as either mono- or bilingual, whereby any community with at least 8% (or 3000) minority-language speakers is defined as bilingual. In bilingual municipalities, all civil servants must have satisfactory language skills in either Finnish or Swedish (in addition to native speaker skills in the other language). Both languages can be used in all communications with such the authorities in such a town.
Since an educational reform in the 1970s, both Swedish and Finnish are compulsory school subjects. The school subjects are not called Finnish or Swedish; the one providing lessons in the pupil's mother tongue is officially and in general practice called mother tongue (modersmål in Swedish, äidinkieli in Finnish). The other subject is referred to as the other domestic language (andra inhemska språket in Swedish, toinen kotimainen kieli in Finnish). Lessons in the "other domestic language" usually start in the third, fifth or seventh form of comprehensive school and are a part of the curriculum in all secondary education. In polytechnics and universities, all students are required to pass an examination in the "other domestic language" on a level that enables them to be employed as civil servants in bilingual offices and communities. The actual linguistic abilities of those who have passed the various examinations however vary considerably.
Being a small minority necessarily leads to functional bilingualism.[citation needed] Although in some towns and municipalities it is possible to speak only Swedish, Finnish is the dominant language in most towns and at most employers in Finland. Many find it more convenient to use Finnish when interacting with strangers and known Finnish speakers. Unfortunately, this further weakens the already weak Swedish language since this leads to Swedish not being used even by Swedish speakers in the areas where they make up a rather small minority. However, 50% of all Swedish speakers live in areas in which Swedish is the majority language and in which they use Swedish in all contexts (see demographics below).
[edit] Demographics
Of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland[citation needed],
- 9% lives in Åland
- 6% lives in officially monolingual Swedish-speaking towns and municipalities of mainland Finland
- 35% lives in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Swedish dominates
- 44% lives in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Finnish dominates
- 6% lives in officially monolingual Finnish-speaking towns and municipalities
[edit] Other terms
Traditionally, immigrants were described in English and most other languages by an adjective indicating the new country of residence and a noun indicating their country of origin or their ethnic group. This gave rise to expressions such as "Finland Swedes" and "Finnish Swedes", which correspond to the expressions still commonly used for immigrants in the United Kingdom and the expressions commonly used in Swedish and Finnish. Immigrants to the USA have however always been designated the "other way around" by an adjective indicating the ethnic or national origin and a noun indicating the new country of residence, for example "Swedish Americans" (never "American Swedes").
For example, British citizens who migrated (not immigrated) from India (or whose ancestors did) are usually called "British Indians"PDF (in both UK and US English), whereas Indian immigrants in the USA are called "Indian Americans" (in both UK and US English). Due to the great quantitative difference in Swedish immigration to the UK and USA, the expression "British Swedes" is much less well known than "Swedish Americans", but they correspond to these different naming patterns. Interestingly, British government documents[2]PDF today often simultaneously use both "British Asian" and "Asian British" and similar expressions as synonyms. This does not usually cause confusion because British immigration is mostly still in one direction, but it does cause an increasing amount of confusion in today's rapidly globalising world. More specifically, it has always been problematic in situations with close cultural ties and extensive reciprocal migration between two countries such as between Finland and Sweden (c.f. also the confusion around "German Russian" and "Russian German").
The modern trend in most countries and languages is towards the naming method used to describe US immigrants because it emphasises the status as full and equal citizens of the new country while providing information about cultural roots. This system is also more appropriate to the situation of immigrants who have been living in the new country for a long time, especially when they stop using the original language. In any case, the self-designation of all population groups is nowadays however considered more important than any other criteria. Swedish-speaking inhabitants of Finland whose ancestors have lived there for centuries almost exclusively consider themselves Finns in the English sense of the word, so it is best to call them "Swedish-speaking Finns" in English. "Swedish-speaking Finns" is also the term preferred by the most representative organisation of Swedish Finns, the Swedish Assembly of Finland, and the Society of Swedish Authors in Finland. Many Finns and Swedes are unaware that the English word "Finn" usually means "a native or inhabitant of Finland" ([3], [4], [5]) and only sometimes also has the meaning "a member of a people speaking Finnish or a Finnic language" or has this as its primary but not exclusive meaning.[6] More specifically, due to the extremely small number of immigrants in Finland, Finns still have a hard time understanding that the normal English expression for a naturalised Finnish citizens who immigrated from Vietnam, for example, is a Vietnamese Finn. These same linguistic problems were encountered in France, Germany, and many other countries before the native population became used to foreigners many decades ago.
Nevertheless, the Finnish Government Research Institute for the Languages of Finland, which has consulted other English experts, recommends ([http://www.kotus.fi/kielet/ruotsi/ind_inenglish.shtml), the following use: "Finland Swede should be used about persons, Finland-Swedish as the adjective, and Finland Swedish for the version of Swedish that is spoken in Finland".
According to normal English usage (e.g. "French-speaking Canadians"), "Swedish-speaking Finns" means "Finnish citizens that speak Swedish as their mother tongue" and does not include people who have learned it as a foreign language. According to normal English usage, this can be abbreviated to Swedish Finns and Swedish speakers, and these less cumbersome expressions are preferable even when addressing people in Nordic countries in English, as for example in this article, as long as the meaning has been explained. The reason an explanation of the normal meaning of the English expression Swedish Finns is necessary in Scandinavia is because this is often confusingly used in English translations in Sweden and Finland to refer to Finns that have moved to Sweden and to the Finnish ethnic minority that has lived there for a long time. These people should instead be called "Finnish immigrants" and "Finnish Swedes" (or "Finnish ethnic minority in Sweden") respectively according to modern, unambivalent English usage. The reason they are often still called "Swedish Finns" or "Sweden Finns" is the old usage that emphasised the ethnic origin of immigrants instead of their status as citizens of the new country, but this usage is confusing and diminishing, as explained above.
[edit] See also
- Diocese of Borgå
- Swedish unit of the Finnish Broadcasting Company
- List of Swedish-speaking Finns
- Swedish people
- Swedish Assembly of Finland
[edit] External links
- Swedish in Finland
- Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
- Swedish Department of Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
- A collection of essays by Carl O. Nordling
- The Finlander Forum
- The Swedish-Finn Historical Society
- National Minorities of Finland, The Swedish-speaking Finns
[edit] References
- ^ Finland has generally been regarded as an example of a monocultural and egalitarian society. However, Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and ancestry (Allardt and Starck, 1981; Bhopal, 1997). Markku T. Hyyppä and Juhani Mäki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
- ^ "The identity of the Swedish[-speaking] minority is however clearly Finnish (Allardt 1997:110). But their identity is twofold: They are both Finland Swedes and Finns (Ivars 1987)." (Die Identität der schwedischen Minderheit ist jedoch eindeutig finnisch (Allardt 1997:110). Ihre Identität ist aber doppelt: sie sind sowohl Finnlandschweden als auch Finnen (Ivars 1987).) Saari, Mirja: Schwedisch als die zweite Nationalsprache Finnlands (retrieved 10 December 2006)
