Swedish-Geatish wars
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The Swedish-Geatish wars refer to semi-legendary 6th century[1] battles between Swedes and Geats that are described in the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf. Little has survived of such battles in the Norse sagas,[2] and later 11th century-13th century wars between Swedes and Geats, notably involving the Geatish clans House of Stenkil and House of Sverker, are referred to as Swedish civil wars.
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[edit] The first war in Beowulf
The Anglo-Saxon epic relates that the Swedes did not keep the peace when the Geatish king Hreðel had died, because the Swedish king Ongenþeow's sons (i.e. Ohthere and Onela) had grown up and were eager to fight.[3]
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The Geats under their new king Hæþcyn captured the Swedish queen, but old king Ongenþeow saved her, at a hill fort called Hrefnesholt, although they lost her gold.[7] Ongenþeow killed Hæþcyn,[8] and besieged the Geats at Hrefnesholt[9]. The Geats were, however, rescued by Hygelac, Hæþcyn's brother,[10] who arrived the next day with reinforcements[11]. Having lost the battle, but rescued his queen, Ongenþeow and his warriors returned home:
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However, the war was not over. Hygelac, the new king of the Geats, attacked the Swedes:
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The Geatish warriors Eofor and Wulf Wonreding fought together against the hoary king Ongenþeow[16]. Wulf hit Ongenþeow's head with his sword so that the old king bled over his hair, but the king hit back and wounded Wulf[17]. Then, Eofor retaliated by cutting through the Swedish king's shield and through his helmet[18], giving Ongenþeow a death-blow[19]. Eofor took the Swedish king's helmet, sword and breastplate and carried them to Hygelac[20]. When they came home, Eofor and Wulf were richly awarded[21], and Eofor was given Hygelac's daughter[22]. Because of this battle, Hygelac is referred to as Ongenþeow's slayer.[23]
[edit] The second war in Beowulf
In Sweden, both Ongenþeow and Ohthere were apparently dead as Onela was king, and Ohthere's two sons, Eanmund and Eadgils, sought refuge with Heardred, Hygelac's successor as king of the Geats.[24] This caused Onela to attack the Geats. During the battle, Eanmund was killed by Onela's champion Weohstan[25] and Heardred was killed as well[26]. Onela returned home and Beowulf became king of the Geats.[27]
Eadgils, however, survived and later, Beowulf helped him avenge Eanmund by slaying Onela,[28] an event which also appears in Scandinavian sources, as the Battle on the Ice (although no Geatish involvement is remembered or mentioned).
[edit] The foreboding of a third war in Beowulf
As Wiglaf sat beside the dead king Beowulf, he spoke of a new war with the Swedes that would surely come:
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[edit] Aftermath
According to a Scandinavian legend written down in the 13th century, in the Ynglinga saga, a 7th century Geatish king named Algaut was invited to his son-in-law, the Swedish king Ingjald, at Uppsala. During the night, he was arsoned to death together with a number of other invited kings. Ingjald then extended his rule to include the Geatish heartland in Västergötland, whereas the East Geats in Östergötland preserved their independence. The Geats and the other Scandinavians were later united by Ivar Vidfamne.
Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum says that after Ivar's death, the kingdom was split between Harald Wartooth and Sigurd Ring. Harald ruled Denmark and the East Geats, whereas Sigurd Ring ruled Sweden and the West Geats. These and many sources describe how these two kings met in the legendary and enormous Battle of the Brávellir (c. 750), where Sigurd Ring was victorious and became the king of both Swedes, Geats and Danes. From this battle and onwards, all of Geatland is described as part of the Swedish kingdom.
In the 12th century, Geatish tribal independence was but a memory as the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus noted in his Gesta Danorum (book 13) that the Geats had no say in the election of the king, only the Swedes. It says even more of their loss of independence that when the Law of the West Geats was put to paper, in the 13th century, the law stated that the election and the deposing of the king rested with the Swedes and not with the Geats.[31]
In 1442, the law of the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish king Christopher of Bavaria, declared that the merging of Geatland into the Swedish kingdom took place in a distant pagan time.[32]
[edit] Notes
- ^ The dating has never been a matter of controversy. It is inferred from the internal chronology of the sources themselves and the dating of Hygelac's raid on Frisia to c. 516. It is also supported by archaeological excavations of the barrows of Eadgils and Ohthere in Sweden. For a discussion, see e.g. Birger Nerman's Det svenska rikets uppkomst (1925) (in Swedish). For presentations of the archaeological findings, see e.g. Elisabeth Klingmark's Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet (in Swedish), or this English language presentation by the Swedish National Heritage Board
- ^ For discussions on remaining traditions, see Sölve, Ongenþeow, Onela and Battle on the Ice.
- ^ Lines 2473-2479
- ^ Lines 2473-2480.
- ^ a b The mentioning of water between Swedes and Geats has been much discussed, as Swedes and Geats shared a land border (Nerman 1925:117-119). However, a simple explanation is that if the mentioning of water is not merely poetic licence, people travelling between Götaland and the traditional Swedish heartland in eastern Svealand usually did so by water (ibid.). The border forests, Tiveden, Tylöskog and Kolmården effectively slowed down communication.
- ^ Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
- ^ Lines 2931-2936
- ^ Lines 2483-2485, 2925-2931
- ^ Lines 2934-2942
- ^ Lines 2434-2435
- ^ Lines 2942-2946
- ^ Lines 2947-2952
- ^ Gummere's translation
- ^ Lines 2959-2962.
- ^ Gummere's translation
- ^ Lines 2965-2966.
- ^ Lines 2966-2977.
- ^ Lines 2977-2982
- ^ Lines 2485-2490, 2977-2982
- ^ Lines 2987-2990
- ^ Lines 2992-2997
- ^ Lines 2998-2999
- ^ Line 1969
- ^ Lines 2380-2391
- ^ Lines 2610-2617
- ^ Line 2389
- ^ Lines 2388-2391
- ^ Line 2392-2397
- ^ Lines 3000-3008.
- ^ Gummere's translation
- ^ Sveær egho konong at taka ok sva vrækæ ("it is the Swedes who have the right to elect king and to to dethrone him").
- ^ Swerikis rike är af hedna värld samman kommit, af swea och gotha land ("The kingdom of Sweden is from pagan times a union of Swedish and Geatish/Gothic lands") (Lundström, 1972:6).
[edit] Bibliography
- Lundström, I. (1972). Viking, viking. Forntidsdröm och verklighet. Statens historiska museum, Stockholm. p. 6.
- Nerman, B. (1925). Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm.
[edit] External links
- Old English edition edited by James Albert Harrison and Robert Sharp
Translations of Beowulf:
- Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
- Modern English translation by John Lesslie Hall
