Sudan People's Liberation Army

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Not to be confused with Sudan Liberation Movement in Darfur.

SPLA/M emblem

Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement is a Southern Sudanese rebel movement (SPLA) turned political party (SPLM). SPLA fought a civil war (the Second Sudanese Civil War) against the Sudanese government from 1983 until 2005 when a peace agreement was signed. In 1989 it joined the main opposition group in Sudan, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which in January 2005 signed a peace agreement with the Sudanese government. SPLA/M has since had representatives in the government of Sudan, as well as being the main constituent of the government of the semi-autonomous Southern Sudan.

As a rebel group it was formed in 1983 from remnants of the Anyanya rebels of the First Sudanese Civil War, by John Garang, Salva Kiir Mayardit, William Nyuon Bany and Kerubino Kuanyin Bol. It fought against the governments of Gaafar Nimeiry, Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir in what is now called the Second Sudanese Civil War. Its was led by John Garang, a Dinka, until his death on 30 July 2005. The political wing of the SPLA is the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (Al-Harakat Ash-Shaabia Le Tahreer As-Sudan), today a political party.

SPLA fighters

The SPLA is largely southern-based, non-Arabic and non-Muslim, in contrast to the predominantly Muslim and Arab north. Its declared aim is to establish a democratic Sudan with it as the leading party in control of the southern areas. While the war in southern Sudan has been largely described in religious and ethnic terms, it is also a struggle for control of the water and oil resources located in the south and the west.

In the early 1991, the SPLA-Nasir faction led by Riek Machar and Lam Akol attempted to overthrow chairman Garang. The attempt failed but led to widespread fighting in the south and the formation of other rebel groups, such as Carabino Kuany Bol's SPLA Bahr-al-Ghazal faction. These internal divisions hampered negotiations with the government. SPLA-Nasir, renamed itself SPLA-United and then transformed itself, with substantial personnel changes, into the South Sudan Independence Movement/Army. Several smaller factions signed a separate peace agreement with Khartoum in April 1997 and formed the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF).

The Sudanese government had accused Uganda and Eritrea of supporting the SPLA. The group is alleged to have operated on the Ugandan side of the Sudanese border with Uganda at the southern limit of Sudan.

In 2005, a treaty between the SPLA/M and the Sudanese government led to the formal recognition of Southern Sudanese autonomy.