User:Stone/2-Pyridone

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Stone/2-Pyridone
General
Systematic name	2-Pyridone
Other names	2(1H)-Pyridinone, 2(1H)-Pyridone, 1-H-Pyridine-2-one, 1,2 Dihydro-2-oxopyridine, 1H-2-Pyridone, 2-Oxopyridone, 2-Pyridinol, 2-Hydroxypyridine
Molecular formula	C5H6NO
SMILES	O=C1NC=CC=C1
Molar mass	95.10 g/mol
Appearance	Colourless crystalline solid
CAS number	[142-08-5]
Properties
Density and phase	1.39 g/cm3, solid
Solubility	Soluble in water, methanol, acetone
Melting point	107.8 °C (381.0 K)
Boiling point	280 °C (553.2 K) decomposition
Acidity (pKa)	11.65
Basicity (pKb)	?
Structure
Molecular shape	planar
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
space group	P212121
Dipole moment	4.26 D
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	irritating
NFPA 704	1 2 0
Flash point	210 °C
R/S statement	R: R36 R37 R38 S: S26 S37/39
RTECS number	UV1144050
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Other anions	2-Pyridinolate
Other cations	2-Hydroxypyridinium-ion
Related functional groups	alcohol, lactam, lactim, pyridine, ketone
Related compounds	pyridine, thymine, cytosine, uracil, benzene
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

2-Pyridone is a colourless crystalline solid with a melting point of 107.8 °C and a boiling point of 280°C. It is soluble in acetone, water, ethanol and other polar solvents. The possibility of forming hydrogen bonds, and the structural relation to nucleo base made it a model substance for chemical research.

Contents 1 Chemistry 2 Hydrogen bonds 3 Tautomerism 3.1 Tautomerism in Solid State 3.2 Tautomerism in Solution 3.3 Tautomerisation Mechanism A 4 Dimerisation 4.1 Aggregation in Solid-state 4.2 Aggregation in Solution 4.3 Tautomerisation Mechanism B 5 Synthesis 6 Main Research Interests 6.1 Catalytic Activity 6.2 Relation to Base Pairs 6.3 Coordination Chemistry 7 Analytical Data 7.1 NMR spectroscopy 7.1.1 1H-NMR 7.1.2 13C-NMR 7.2 UV/Vis spectroscopy 7.3 IR spectroscopy 7.4 Mass-spectroscopy 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Chemistry

The most prominent feature of the 2-pyridone is the amide group, a nitrogen with a hydrogen bound to it and a keto group next to it. In peptides, amino acids are linked by this pattern.

This pattern is responsible for some remarkable physical and chemical properties.

[edit] Hydrogen bonds

The hydrogen bound to the nitrogen is suitable to form strong hydrogen bonds to electronegative elements like nitrogen and oxygen.

[edit] Tautomerism

The hydrogen bond to the nitrogen is also suitable to move to the oxygen. Through hydrogen and electron shift the second tautomer form of the substance is formed. 2-hydroxypyridine is the name for this tautomer. This lactam lactim tautomerism can also be found in other molecules with a similar structure. ^[1]

[edit] Tautomerism in Solid State

The predominant form in solid state is the 2-pyridone. This fact has been clarified by X-ray crystallography which shows that the hydrogen in solid state is closer to the nitrogen than to the oxygen (because of the low electron density at the hydrogen the exact positioning is difficult) and IR-spectroscopy in which the C=O longitudinal frequency is present and the O-H frequencies are absent. ^[2][3][4][5]

[edit] Tautomerism in Solution

To determine which of the two tautomeric forms is present in solution has been the subject of many publications. The energy difference seems to be very small and depending on the polarity of the solvent. Nonpolar solvents favour the 2-Pyridone whereas in polar solvents like alcohols and water the 2-Hydroxypyridone is favoured. The energy difference for the two tautomeres in the gas phase was measured by IR-spectroscopy to be 2.43 to 3.3 kJ/mol for the solid state and 8.95 kJ/mol and 8.83 kJ/mol for the liquid state. ^[6-17]

[edit] Tautomerisation Mechanism A

The single molecular tautomerisation has a forbidden 1-3 suprafacial transition state and therefore has a high energy barrier for this tautomerisation, which was calculated with theoretical methods to be 125 or 210 kJ/mol. The direct tautomerisation is energetically not favoured. There are other possible mechanisms for this tautomerisation.^[16]

[edit] Dimerisation

The 2-pyridone and the 2-hydroxypyridine can form dimers with two hydrogen bonds.

[edit] Aggregation in Solid-state

In solid state the dimeric form is not present; the 2-pyridones form a helical structure over hydrogen bonds. Some substituted 2-pyridones form the dimere in solid state, for example the 5-methyl-3-carbonitril-2-pyridone. The determination of all these structures was done by X-ray crystallography. In solid state the hydrogen is located closer to the oxygen so it could be considered to be right to call the colourless crystals in the flask 2-pyridone.^[1-5]

[edit] Aggregation in Solution

In solution the dimeric form is present; the ratio of dimerisation is strongly dependent on the polarity of the solvent. Polar and protic solvents interact with the hydrogen bonds and more monomer is formed. hydrophobic effects in unpolar solvents lead to a predominance of the dimere. Also the ratio of the tautomeric forms is dependent on the solvent. All possible tautomers and dimmers can be present and form an equilibrium. The exact measurement of all the [[equilibrium constants] in the system are extremely difficult. ^[17-27]

(NMR-spectroscopy is a slow method, high resolution IR-spectroscopy in solvent is difficult, the broad absorption in UV-spectroscopy makes it hard to discriminate 3 and more very similar molecules).

Some publications only focus one of the two possible patterns, and neglect the influence of the other. For example to calculate the energy difference of the two tautomeres in nonpolar solution, leads too a wrong results if a large quantity of the substance is on the side of the dimer in an equilibrium.

[edit] Tautomerisation Mechanism B

The direct tautomerisation is energetically not favoured, but a dimerisation followed by a double proton transfer and a dissociation of the dimer is a self catalytic way from one tautomer to the other. In solution, the tautomerisation can be done over the dimer. Protic solvents also mediate the proton transfer during the tautomerisation. Like the deprotonation and reprotonation during autoprotolyse can leads to both tautomers.

[edit] Synthesis

2-Pyrane can be obtained by a cyclisation reaction. 2-Pyridone is formed by an exchange reaction with Ammonia from this 2-pyrane.

Pyridine forms an N-oxide with some oxidation agents for example hydrogen peroxide. This pyridine-N-oxide undergoes a rearrangement reaction to the 2-Pyridone in acetic anhydride.

[edit] Main Research Interests

[edit] Catalytic Activity

After the discovering that 2-Pyridone catalyses the mutarotation of sugars and that 2-pyridone has a large effect on the reaction from activated esters with amines in nonpolar solvent. Acid or base catalysed reactions should depend in first order on pKa value, but as relative weak acid or base enhances the reaction far more than expected. 4-Pyridone shows no such effect, this leads to the conclusion that the special structure and tautomerisation is the cause for this catalysis.

Neither sugar mutarotation nore ester aminolysis in nonpolar solvent have big impact in synthesis. Because sugar mutarotation takes place even without catalysis and ester aminolysis as source for peptide bonds was seldom used and with activated esters the reaction itself is fast. Polar solvents enhance the reaction more than the use of 2-pyridone. The normal synthesis for peptides with DCCI or DMAP give good yields and the previous synthesis of phenyl or nitro-phenyl esters can be avoided. Because of this a direct use of 2-pyridone in ester aminolysis was never the goal of the research. But understanding the simple proton transfer catalysis would be a big step in understanding the principle which is also present in enzyme catalysed reaction. Most of the research was done to understand the activation of the transition state by the 2-pyridone. Isotope labelling, kinetics and quantum chemical methods were used on the mechanism to determine the rate determining step in the reaction.^[28-29]

The cyclisation of a macrocycle was catalysed with 2-pyridone. A synthesis trick for unwilling substrates is to use molten 2-pyridone as solvent.

[edit] Relation to Base Pairs

These structures are closely related to the base pairs present in the DNA or RNA. These dimers are sometimes used as simple models for base pairs (in experimental and theoretical studies). The strength of the hydrogen bonds is important for the two strands in DNA and RNA sticking to each other. For the 2-pyridone dimer there are direct measurements of the dimerisation constant and the dimerisation energy which are compared to the calculated ones. Because of the multiple possible base pair combinations, measurements with the natural base pairs are difficult. If the results of the simple 2-pyridone model give good agreement, these theoretical methods are also suitable for base pairs.

[edit] Coordination Chemistry

2-Pyridone and some derivatives where used as ligands in coordination chemistry. The main point of this chemistry was that 2-pyridone functions as a 1,3-bridged ligand like caboxylate. There is a large number of dimeric complexes. A review with a literature overview can be found at Rawson and Winpenny.^[30]

[edit] Analytical Data

[edit] NMR spectroscopy

[edit] ¹H-NMR

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): /ρ = 8.07 (dd, ³J = 2.5 Hz, ⁴J = 1.1 Hz, 1H, C-6), 7.98 (dd, ³J = 4.0 Hz, ³J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, C-3), 7.23 (dd, ³J = 2.5 Hz, ³J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, C-5), 7.21 (dd, ³J = 4.0 Hz, ⁴J = 1.0 Hz, 1H, C-4).

[edit] ¹³C-NMR

(100.57 MHz, CD₃OD): ρ = 155.9 (C-2), 140.8 (C-4), 138.3 (C-6), 125.8 (C-3), 124.4 (C-5)

[edit] UV/Vis spectroscopy

(MeOH):ν_max (lg ε) = 226.2 (0.44), 297.6 (0.30).

[edit] IR spectroscopy

(KBr): ν = 3440 cm^-1–1 (br, m), 3119 (m), 3072 (m), 2986 (m), 1682 (s), 1649 (vs), 1609 (vs), 1578 (vs), 1540 (s), 1456 (m), 1433 (m), 1364 (w), 1243 (m), 1156 (m), 1098 (m), 983 (m), 926 (w), 781 (s), 730 (w), 612 (w), 560 (w), 554 (w), 526 (m), 476 (m), 451 (w).

[edit] Mass-spectroscopy

EI-MS (70 eV): m/z (%) = 95 (100) [M⁺], 67 (35) [M⁺ - CO], 51 (4)[C₄H₃⁺].

[edit] References

1. ^ Forlani L, Cristoni G, Boga C, Todesco PE, Del Vecchio E, Selva S, Monari M, (2002). "Reinvestigation of tautomerism of some substituted 2-hydroxypyridines". ARKIVOC XI: 198-215. 

1. ^  Yang HW, Craven BM (1998). "Charge Density of 2-Phyridone". Acta Crystallogr Ser B54: 912-920. 
2. ^  Penfold BR (1953). "The Electron Distribution in Crystalline Alpha-Pyridone". Acta Crystallogr 6: 591-600. 
3. ^ Ohms U, Guth H, Heller E, Dannöhl H, Schweig A (1984). "Comparison of Observed and Calculated Electron-Density 2-Pyridone, C5H5NO, Crystal-Structure Refinements at 295K and 120K, Experimental and Theoretical Deformation Density Studies". Z Kristallogr 169: 185-200. 
4. ^  Almlöf J., Kvick A, Olovsson I (1971). "Hydrogen Bond Studies Crystal Structure of Intermolecular Complex 2-Pyridone-6-Chloro-2-Hdroxypyridine". Acta Crystallogr Ser B27: 1201-1208. 

1. ^ Rybakov VR, Bush AA, Babaev EB, Aslanov LA (2004). "3-Cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridone (Guareschi Pyridone)". Acta Crystallogr E 6: o160-o161. 

1. Vögeli U, von Philipsborn W (1973). "C-13 and H-1 NMR Spectroscopie Studies on Structure of N-Methyle-3-Pyridone and 3-Hydroypyridine". Org Magn Reson: 551-559. 
2. Specker H, Gawrosch H (1942). "Ultraviolet absorption of benztriaxole, pryridone and its salts.". Chem. Ber. (75): 1338-1348. 
3. Leis DG, Curran BC (1945). "Electric Moments of Some Gamma-Substituted Pyridines". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (67): 79-81. 
4. Albert A, Phillips JN (1956). "Ionisation Constants of Heterocyclic Substances Hydroxy-Derivates of Nitrogenous Six-Membered Ring-Compounds". J. Chem. Soc.: 1294-1304. 
5. Cox RH, Bothner-By AA (1969). "Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Tautomeric Substituted Pyridines and Their Conjugated Acides". J. Phys. Chem. (73): 2465-2468. 
6. Aksnes DW, Kryvi (1972). "Substituent and Solvent Effects in Proton Magnetic -Resonance (PMR) Spectra of 6 2-Substituted Pyridines". Acta Chem Scand (26): 2255-2266. 
7. Aue DH, Betowski LD, Davidson WR, Bower MT, Beak P (1979). "Gas-Phase Basicities of Amides and Imidiates - Estimation of Protomeric Equilibrium-Constantes by the Basicity methode in the Gas-Phase". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (101): 1361-1368. 
8. Frank J, Katritzky AR (1976). "". J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2: 1428-1431. 
9. Brown RS, Tse A, Vederas JC (1980). "Photoelectro-Determined Core Binding Energies and Predicted Gas-Phase Basicities for the 2-Hydroxypyridine 2-Pyridone System". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (102): 1174-1176. 
10. Beak P (1977). "Energies and Alkylation of Tautomeric Heterocyclic-Compounds - Old Problems New Answers". Acc. Chem. Res. (10): 186-192. 
11. Abdulla HI, El-Bermani MF (2001). "Infrared studies of tautomerism in 2-hydroxypyridine 2-thiopyridine and 2-aminopyridine". Spectrochim Act A (57): 2659-2671. 
12. Engdahl K, Ahlberg P (1977). "". J Chem Res (12): 340-341. 
13. Bensaude O, Chevrier M, Dubois J (1978). "Lactim-Lactam Tautomeric Equilibrium of 2-Hydroxypyridines. 1.Cation Binding, Dimerization and Interconversion Mechanism in Aprotic Solvents. A Spectroscopic and Temperature-Jump Kinetic Study". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (100): 7055-7066. 
14. Bensaude O, Dreyfus G, Dodin G, Dubois J (1977). "Intramolecular Nondissociative Proton Transfer in Aqueous Solutions of Tautomeric Heterocycles: a Temperature-Jump Kinetic Study". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (99): 4438-4446. 
15. Bensaude O, Chevrier M, Dubois J (1978). "Influence of Hydration upon Tautomeric Equilibrium". Tetrahedron Lett. (25): 2221-2224. 
16. Hammes GG, Park AC (1969). "Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Hydrogen Bonding". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (91): 956-961. 
17. Hammes GG, Lillford PJ (1970). "A Kinetic and Equilibrium Study of Hydrogen Bond Dimerization of 2-Pyridone in Hydrogen Bonding Solvent". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (92): 7578-7585. 
18. Hammes GG, Spivey HO (1966). "A Kinetic Study of the Hydrogen-Bond Dimerization of 2-Pyridone". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (88): 1621-1625. 
19. Beak P, Covington JB, Smith SG (1976). "Structural Studies of Tautomeric Systems: the Importance of Association for 2-Hydroxypyridine-2-Pyridone and 2-Mercaptopyridine-2-Thiopyridone". J. Am. Chem. Soc. (98): 8284-8286. 
20. Beak P, Covington JB, White JM (1980). "Quantitave Model of Solvent Effects on Hydroxypyridine-Pyridone and Mercaptopyridine-Thiopyridone Equilibria: Correlation with Reaction-Field and Hydrogen-Bond Effects". J. Org. Chem. (45): 1347-1353. 
21. Beak P, Covington JB, Smith SG, White JM, Zeigler JM (1980). "Displacement of Protomeric Equilibria by Self-Association: Hydroxypyridine-Pyridone and Mercaptopyridine-Thiopyridone Isomer Pairs". J. Org. Chem. (45): 1354-1362. 
22. Fischer CB, Steininger H, Stephenson DS, Zipse H (2005). "Catalysis of Aminolysis of 4-Nitrophenyl Acetate by 2-Pyridone". J Phys Org Chem. 
23. Fischer CB, Polborn K, Steininger H, Zipse H (2004). "Synthesis and Solid-State Structures of Alkyl-Substituted 3-Cyano-2-pyridones". Z Naturforsch (59b): 1121-1131. 
24. Rawson JM, Winpenny REP (1995). "The coodination chemistry of 2-pyridones and its derivatives". Coord Chem Rev (139): 313-374. 

[edit] External links

• Links to external chemical sources