Stortorget (Stockholm)

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Panoramic view of Stortorget, the Stock Exchange Building is on the right.

Stortorget (Swedish: "The Big Square") is a small public square in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden, the oldest square in Stockholm, the historical centre around which the medieval urban conglomeration gradually came into being.^[1] The square is today frequented by tens of thousands of tourist annually, occasionally the scene for demonstrations and performances, and traditionally renown for its annual Christmas market offering traditional handicrafts and food.

1 Notable buildings and structures
2 History
3 References
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Notable buildings and structures

Façade of the Stock Exchange Building.

Located in the centre of the plateau of Stadsholmen, the square never was the stylish show-piece occupying the centre of many other European cities during the Middle Ages; it was created gradually, buildings and blocks around the square, still sloping west, occasionally added haphazardly. The exception being the Stock Exchange Building taking up the northern side of the square and concealing the Cathedral and the Royal Palace.^[2]

[edit] The Stock Exchange Building and the well

The well

Main article: Stockholm Stock Exchange Building

Today, Stortorget is the location of the Stock Exchange Building (Börshuset), the seat of the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Museum, and the Nobel Library. Designed by Erik Palmstedt and built in 1773-1776, it replaced to town hall occupying the lot for several hundreds years before subsequently being relocated first to the Bonde Palace and to the present Court House in 1915. The plan of the building, French Rococo in style, is a trapezium, the rounded corner of which greatly widened the flanking alleys. While the building is generally designed much like a private palace, the central two-storey temple gable and the lantern crowning the building, underlines its public status. The closed first floor, accommodating the Swedish Academy, contrasts to openness of the ground floor, a contrast enhances during the restoration in the 1980s.^[3]

The present well on the square was also designed by Palmstedt and built in connection to the new Stock Exchange Building. It dried up in 1856 due to land elevation, however. It was relocated to Brunkebergstorg but moved back to its original location in the 1950s and is today connected to the city water conduit.^[4]

[edit] Number 3-5

Number 3-5.

German inscription at Number 3.

Built by the merchant Hans Bremer in the 1640s and originally featuring pointed cairns, Number 3, on the right side of Köpmangatan still features the original cross vaults and a German inscription in the entrance hall. However, the building is today called Grillska huset ("The Grill House") after the goldsmith Antoni Grill, who immigrated from Augsburg to Sweden in the 1680s during the era of Gustavus Adolphus to found the Grill Dynasty, said to descend from the Grillo family in Genoa. He bought the building which came to remain in the family's possession for more than a century. The cloverleaf-shaped gables were added in 1718 together with the blue livid colour and the Rococo portal. The Dynasty's most prominent member was the merchant Claës Grill (1705-1767), leader of the East India Company, owner of several banks and many mining industries and shipping companies, and a great art collector. The building is today the headquarters of the Stockholm´s City Mission, a independent Christian charity devoted to support homeless and exposed citizens with food, accommodation, and education, also running advisory bureaus and others elsewhere in the old town.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

In the second hand shop on Number 5 are painted joists from the 1640s displaying animals, flowers, and fruits. There are many such restored ceilings in Gamla stan, but this one is one of the few accessible to the general public. On the first floor is the so called Bullkyrkan ("Bun Church") where the City Mission offers services every Sunday together with buns, sandwiches, and coffee. ^[9]^[8]^[10] Rev. Karl-Erik Kejne, who served in the church in the 1950s, was quoted by public service radio saying working there was a grateful commission as the penniless and homeless crowded the church where other congregations were considerably more conspicuous by their absence.^[11]

[edit] Number 7

Canon ball and sign at Number 7.

Until the mid 15th century the south side of the square was aligned with wooden shops in the spacious basement of which peasants kept their provisions and prepared meals. Among the numerous historical tenants in the building was adventurer Filip Kern from Meissen, Saxony. He served as a barber and a master builder for King John III and, is suspected to have poisoned King Eric XIV. During the reign of Gustavus Adolphus the Dutch merchant Abraham Cabiljau, one of the founders of and first mayors in Gothenburg lived in the building.^[12] The French wig-maker Jean Bedoire bought the building in 1682 and, just like his son and namesake who gave his name to the alley Bedoirsgränd, made a fortune in trading wine, salt, and iron. The building was completely rebuilt in 1937 when the façades of the three buildings located south of the square were untied to the present façade. Occupying the three buildings in the block since 1944 is the Mäster Olofsgården ("Homestead of Master Olof"). It was founded as a youth centre by the priest Gabriel Grefberg in 1931 when Gamla stan was mostly a slum and the number of activities quickly grew to include elderly, mothers, scouts, workers, and many other groups. Following a generous donation the organisation could gather its activities on the present location in 1944. Today its services includes studies in the history of the old town and the "Gamla stan Society" (Gamla stan sällskapet).^[13] The canon ball in the corner to Skomakargatan is, according to popular legend, dating back to the Stockholm Bloodbath in 1921 when it was fired at the Danish king Christian Tyrant. Undoubtedly, it was more likely built into the wall by an early proprietor and subsequently put back into place after each restoration.^[14] The restaurant on the ground floor, Stortorgskällaren, is built over a medieval basement, parts of which is dating back to the 15th century. According to some sources, this was the location for the tavern Spanska druvan ("The Spanish Grape"), the oldest known tavern in Stockholm, according to tradition frequented by King John III when he wanted to mingle with commoners.^[9]

[edit] Number 14-22

Panoramic view of Stortorget 22-14. Composite of three photos.

Inscription over the front door of 20 quoting Psalm 37:5 in German: "Befiehl dem Herrn deine Wege und hoffe auf ihn, er wirds wohl machen". English tranlation: "Commit thy way unto the Lord; trust also in Him, and He will bring it to pass."

Number 18 and 22.

The buildings on the west side are the only occupied by private persons ^[15]

Number 22, the green building on the left side of Kåkbrinken, is from 1758 but is standing on medieval walls. It was occupied by the councillor Johan Berndes who developed the Swedish copper production in the 17th century, by the Saxon Polycarpus Crumbügel, close friend to King Charles XI who caused the so called reduction when an important part of the Swedish nobility lost its estates (for which he was raised to peerage as Cronhielm).^[16] During an archaeological excavation in 1998 a vaulted chamber in the basement was discovered, 1,8×1,6 metres wide it was supplied with a channel which is believed to have connected it to privys and kitchen sinks in the building. Along with some wooden tubes found near Kornhamnstorg, it is one of the few indications contradicting the traditional view of medieval Stockholm as a repulsive place where filth and refuse filled to streets. ^[17]

The buildings on Number 18-20 were merged in the 17th century and subsequently named after Johan Eberhard Schantz, the secretary of Charles X Gustavus who also added the stepped gable and the grand portal on the left building. Parts of the interior still reflects the luxury which surrounded the royal secretary.^[16] The 82 white stones on Number 20, Ribbinska huset ("House of Ribbing") or Schantzka huset ("House of Schantz"), are occasionally said to symbolize the heads decapitated by the Danish king in 1520. The house was, however, built no later than 1479 when it appears in historical records. The former of the names refers to the councillor Bo Ribbing who gave the property to Schantz in 1627, who added the stones the following year.^[18]

The block on Number 14-16 is named after Æsculapius, the son of Apollo and the demigod of medicine, which reflects the presence of the "Raven Pharmacy" (Apoteket Korpen) on this address for more than 300 years. While still present on Västerlånggatan just a few blocks away, the pharmacy was originally settled on Stortorget in 1638 when the court pharmacist Philip Schmidt offered not only medicine on this address, but also assorted sweets and spiced wine. In the alley Solgränd, the initials of the pharmacist in 1764 and his wife are still found on the wall. The pharmacy was relocated to its present address in 1924.^[19]

[edit] Streets and alleys

Historical thoroughfares stretches from Stortorget in all cardinal directions: Kåkbrinken ("Slope of the [Ramshackle] House") stretches west down to Västerlånggatan. Skomakargatan ("Shoemaker's Street")and Svartmangatan ("Black Man's Street") stretches south to Tyska Brinken ("German Slope") and Kindstugatan ("Box on the ear Street"), both of which used to lead passed the Blackfriars monastery to the southern gate. Köpmangatan ("Merchant's Street"), paralleled by Trädgårdsgatan ("Garden Street") north of it, leads east to Köpmantorget ("Merchant's Square"), Köpmanbrinken ("Merchant's Slope") and Österlånggatan ("Eastern Long Street"), and used be the only street leading through the eastern city wall down to a former square, Fisketorget, for hundreds of years the largest in Stockholm. Furthermore, a number of alleys connects to the immediate surrounding blocks: On the northern side, Trångsund and Källargränd stretches to Storkyrkobrinken and Slottsbackenon either sides of the Stock Exchange Building. On the west side, three alleys — Solgränd, Ankargränd, and Spektens gränd — stretches down to Prästgatan.

[edit] History

Archaeological excavations along Kåkbrinken have shown the original boulder ridge is found directly under the pavement near Stortorget while gradually located deeper and deeper westward to reach some 12-15 metres along the western shoreline.^[20] So, its rather reasonable to assume the still gently sloping square continues to reflect the shape of the original unsettled island.

Excavations on the square in 1995 and 1997 showed the medieval square is found only half a metre below the present cobbles. Just above the deepest layer coins from the reigns of Magnus Ladulås and Birger Magnusson were found together with pieces of ceramics from the same era. Three additional layers of cobbles dating from the Middle Ages, while a coal mixed layer just below the lower cobble level have been radiocarbon dated to 1066-1320. More superficial traces of poles indicate simple sheds occupied the area in the late 13th century until destroyed by fire in the early 15th century, while traces of an older building are believed to be from 1024-1291. ^[21]

The square started as a junction where the tracks criss-crossing the island converged, a dawning street system which over time developed into the still present narrow streets Köpmangatan, Svartmangatan, Skomakargatan, Kåkbrinken, Trångsund, and Källargränd. By 1400, the city had some 6,000 inhabitants and buildings in stone started to be erected around the square. Merchants and the well on the square made it a natural meeting place.^[2] The present name first appears in historical records as stora torghit in 1420 and as stoor tårgeett in 1646.^[1]

The decrees proclaimed twice per year from the town hall, called Rådstugan ("Council Homestead"), once located north of the square, together with recurrent manifestations, such as that of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson leader of the Engelbrekt Rebellion (1434-1436), made the square a politically vital location. As the Germans presence in the the city was very important for long, the city council was composed by equal shares of Swedish citizens and German immigrants. Merchants, all burghers, dominated the assembly and craftsmen were occasionally entrusted minor commissions, while the remaining citizens were entirely excluded from any influence. Stockholm was at the time a one-horse town compared to splendid continental cities. The city's town hall was rebuilt following a fire in 1419 and gradually expanded over a period of 500 years until its relocation to the Bonde Palace in 1732. During this era it was thus a four-storey building composed of several buildings forming a coherent complex. On the third floor were custodies known as Siskaburen (The Siskin Cage"), Loppan ("The Flea"), and Vita märren ("The Mare"), Vita hästen ("The White Horse"), Gamla Rådstugan ("Old Council Homestead"), Skottkammaren ("Scottish Chamber"), and Nya kölden ("The New Cold"). In the basement was the city wine storage next to the memorable tavern Storkällaren (named after the vicinity to Storkyrkan)^[2]^[22]

In the middle of the square was the pillory called Kåken ("The [Ramshackle] House", see Kåkbrinken), first mentioned in connection to the so called "Käpplinge murders" (Käpplingemorden) in the first half of the 15th century - the story of a group German burghers who trapped a large number of prominent citizens in a hovel on Blasieholmen (at the time called Käpplinge) and burned them in. The Germans are said to have been lead from the Royal Palace to the pillory.^[23] Originally the pillory was placed atop a bricked prison where the despised executioner kept the sentenced, before shackling and whipping them, or even cutting their ears off, depending on the nature of their crimes.^[2] The pillory was relocated to the present Norrmalmstorg in 1771 when the Stock Exchange Building and the present well were completed.^[4]

Stortorget was the scene of the Stockholm Bloodbath in November 1520, when, during three days, the Danish-Swedish king Christian II beheaded and hung 90 people. This dead was acommplished notwithstanding the reprieve proclaimed by Queen Christina Gyllenstierna following four months of Danish siege. Nevertheless, the Danish king wasn't directly responsible for the deed. The archbishop Gustav Trolle, dethroned and imprisoned by the regent Sten Sture the Elder who died during the siege, wanted to obtain a redress. So, during the coronation of the Danish king, the prominent guests were confronted with the bill of indictment of the archbishop and subsequently condemned for blasphemy. The death sentences were to be accomplished at once, so the square was cleared while a curfew forced all citizens to stay indoors. The executioners beheaded archbishops, councillors, noblemen, and city magistrates indiscriminately, including Erik Johansson Vasa, father of the succeeding king Gustav Vasa who escaped the faith of his father by hiding. All bodies were burned on Södermalm together with the body of the dead regent Sten Sture. The Danish king, satisfied with having pacified Sweden, returned to Denmark in December, drowning a few monks during the trip, while ignoring the dawning insurrection in Dalecarlia.^[2]

By the end of the 19th century the Swedish working class still lacked representation in the Parliament and the City Council. A committee formed in 1892 in vain urged the council to counteract unemployment and alleviate distress by initiating roadworks as well as taking other measures. The Labour demonstration of 1892 were subsequently fixed till February 1 when the council had a meeting in the Stock Exchange Building. To avoid the demonstration prohibition from 1848, people gathered on various locations to unite on the square. As they run across MPs and other bigwigs on Slottsbacken, they were stopped by the police from reaching the square. Surrounding alleys quickly got clogged by demonstrators, however, and the cordon had to gave way to the crowd whose cries and protest songs quickly filled the square. The future PM Hjalmar Branting got involved in a dispute before the crowd threatened to intrude the Stock Exchange Build from Trångsund. The police then got assistance from the Royal Body Guard who had demonstrators flee into the alleys to escape the horses and sabres. Dozens got arrested, but a consequence of the manifestation was a growing awareness among politicians concerning the situation of the working force. ^[24]

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b (1992) "Innerstaden: Gamla stan", Stockholms gatunamn, 2nd ed., Stockholm: Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning, 74. ISBN 91-7031-042-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Béatrice Glase, Gösta Glase (1988). "Inre Stadsholmen", Gamla stan med Slottet och Riddarholmen, 3rd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Trevi, 38-41. ISBN 91 7160 823 0.
^ Johan Mårtelius (1999). "Södra innerstaden", Guide till Stockholms arkitektur, 2nd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Arkitektur Förlag AB, 41. ISBN 91 86050-41-9.
^ ^a ^b Monica Eriksson (2002). "Brunnen på Stortorget", Gamla stan under 750 år (CD-ROM/DVD) (in Swedish). Stockholm: B. Wahlströms Bokförlag. ISBN 91-85100-64-1.
^ Béatrice Glase, Gösta Glase (1988). "Inre Stadsholmen", Gamla stan med Slottet och Riddarholmen, 3rd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Trevi, 43-44. ISBN 91 7160 823 0.
^ Herman Hofberg, Frithiof Heurlin, Viktor Millqvist, Olof Rubenson (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (Swedish) 402 ff.. Project Runeberg. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ Stockholm´s City Mission (English). Stockholm´s City Mission. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ ^a ^b Grillska Huset - historik (Swedish). Stockholm´s City Mission. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ ^a ^b Béatrice Glase, Gösta Glase (1988). "Inre Stadsholmen", Gamla stan med Slottet och Riddarholmen, 3rd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Trevi, 44. ISBN 91 7160 823 0.
^ Butik Stortorget (Swedish). Stockholm´s City Mission. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ Christina Ruhnbro (2002). "Bullkyrkan och stadsmissionen", Gamla stan under 750 år (CD-ROM/DVD) (in Swedish). Stockholm: B. Wahlströms Bokförlag. ISBN 91-85100-64-1.
^ Nordisk familjebok (Swedish). Project Runeberg (1905). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ Mäster Olofsgårdens historia (Swedish). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ Martin Stugart (2006-10-07). Finns kanonkulan kvar vid Stortorget? (Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ Béatrice Glase, Gösta Glase (1988). "Inre Stadsholmen", Gamla stan med Slottet och Riddarholmen, 3rd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Trevi, 55. ISBN 91 7160 823 0.
^ ^a ^b Béatrice Glase, Gösta Glase (1988). "Inre Stadsholmen", Gamla stan med Slottet och Riddarholmen, 3rd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Trevi, 46. ISBN 91 7160 823 0.
^ Kerstin Söderlund (2002). "Atlas 2", Gamla stan under 750 år (CD-ROM/DVD) (in Swedish). Stockholm: B. Wahlströms Bokförlag. ISBN 91-85100-64-1.
^ Martin Stugart (2003-07-31). Vad betyder de vita stenarna på Schantzka huset på Stortorget? (Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ Béatrice Glase, Gösta Glase (1988). "Inre Stadsholmen", Gamla stan med Slottet och Riddarholmen, 3rd ed. (in Swedish), Stockholm: Bokförlaget Trevi, 55. ISBN 91 7160 823 0.
^ John Hedlund (2002). "Gamla stans ursprungstopografi och öns naturhistoria", Upptaget - Sankt Eriks årsbok 2002 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Samfundet Sankt Erik, Stockholm City Museum, Museum of Medieval Stockholm, 105-110. ISBN 91-974091-1-1.
^ Johanna Karlsson (2002). "Arkeologiska undersökningar vid Stortorget", Gamla stan under 750 år (CD-ROM/DVD) (in Swedish). Stockholm: B. Wahlströms Bokförlag. ISBN 91-85100-64-1.
^ Peeter Mark (2002). "Rådhuskomplexet vid Stortorget", Gamla stan under 750 år (CD-ROM/DVD) (in Swedish). Stockholm: B. Wahlströms Bokförlag. ISBN 91-85100-64-1.
^ (1992) "Innerstaden: Gamla stan", Stockholms gatunamn, 2nd ed., Stockholm: Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning, 71. ISBN 91-7031-042-4.
^ Åke Abrahamsson (2002). "Arbetardemonstrationen på Stortorget 1892", Gamla stan under 750 år (CD-ROM/DVD) (in Swedish). Stockholm: B. Wahlströms Bokförlag. ISBN 91-85100-64-1.