State legislature (United States)
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In the United States of America, a state legislature is a generic term referring to the legislative body of any of the country's 50 states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 24 states, the legislature is simply called the "Legislature," or the "State Legislature", while in 19 states, the legislature is called the "General Assembly." In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the "General Court," while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature as the "Legislative Assembly."
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[edit] Composition
Every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative chambers (or "houses"); Nebraska has a unicameral, or one-house legislature. In all 49 state bicameral legislatures, the smaller chamber is called the "Senate" and is usually referred to as the "upper house" (Note that Nebraskan legislators are referred to as senators for historical reasons, when the legislature was unicamerialized, the lower house was abolished and the Senate renamed). The smaller chamber usually, but not always, has the exclusive power to confirm appointments made by the governor and to try articles of impeachment. Members of the smaller chamber represent more citizens and usually serve for longer terms than members of the larger chamber, generally four years. In 41 states, the larger chamber is called the "House of Representatives." Five states designate the larger chamber the "Assembly" and three states call it the "House of Delegates." Members of the larger chamber usually serve for terms of two years. The larger chamber customarily has the exclusive power to initiate taxing legislation and articles of impeachment.
Prior to United States Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s, the basis of representation in most state legislatures was modeled on that of the U.S. Congress: the members of the smaller chamber represented geography and members of the larger chamber represented population. In 1962, the United States Supreme Court announced the "one person, one vote" standard and invalidated state legislative representation based on geography. ("One person, one vote" does not apply to the composition of the U.S. Senate because that chamber's makeup is prescribed by the U.S. Constitution.)
[edit] Duties and influence
As a legislative branch of government, a legislature generally performs the same duties for a state the Congress performs at Federal level, and a general rule, the same types of checks and balances at the Federal level apply between the state legislature, the state executive officer (a governor) and the state judiciary, though the degree to which this is so varies from one state to the next.
During a legislative session, the legislature considers matters introduced by its members or submitted by the governor. Businesses and other special interest organizations often lobby the legislature to obtain beneficial legislation, defeat unfavorably perceived measures, or influence other legislative action. A legislature also approves the state's operating and capital budgets, which may begin as a legislative proposal or a submission by the governor.
Under the terms of Article V of the U.S. Constitution, state lawmakers retain the power to ratify Constitutional amendments which have been proposed by the Congress and they also retain the ability to apply to the Congress for a national convention to directly propose Constitutional amendments to the states for ratification. Under Article II, state legislatures choose the manner of appointing the state's presidential electors. Formerly, state legislatures appointed the U.S. Senators from their respective states until the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1917 required the direct election of Senators by a state's voters.
[edit] Aspects of the career of state legislator
In most states, a new state legislature convenes in January of the odd-numbered year after the election of members to the larger chamber. The period during which the legislature remains in session varies. In states where the legislature is considered part-time, a session may last several months; where the legislature is considered full-time, the session may last all year, with periodic breaks for district work.
Currently, there are 7,382 state legislators in the United States. They are usually assisted by staff aides to help prepare and analyze legislation, to review and amend submitted budgets, and to help solve constituent's problems with state government.
State legislatures and their members have generally grown in importance over time. Longtime Pennsylvania state legislator Mark B. Cohen observed that "[t]he biggest change during my tenure in the legislature has been the rise of the individual legislator. Time and again, individual legislators have shown that they have answers for pressing problems that command the support to be enacted into law."
Many state legislators meet every year at the annual meeting, and other meetings, of the National Conference of State Legislatures, which is headquartered in Denver, Colorado and has a lobbying office in Washington, D.C. The American Legislative Exchange Council, a conservative organization focusing on state legislatures, also has an annual meeting attracting many legislators.
[edit] See also
- List of state legislatures in the United States
- Legislative Assemblies of Canada's provinces and territories
- Parliaments of the Australian states and territories
[edit] External links
| Legislatures in the United States |
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| United States Congress: United States House of Representatives • United States Senate State legislatures: Alabama (H, S) • Alaska (H, S) • Arizona (H, S) • Arkansas (H, S) • California (A, S) • Colorado (H, S) • Connecticut (H, S) • Delaware (H, S) • Florida (H, S) • Georgia (H, S) • Hawaii (H, S) • Idaho (H, S) • Illinois (H, S) • Indiana (H, S) • Iowa (H, S) • Kansas (H, S) • Kentucky (H, S) • Louisiana (H, S) • Maine (H, S) • Maryland (H, S) • Massachusetts (H, S) • Michigan (H, S) • Minnesota (H, S) • Mississippi (H, S) • Missouri (H, S) • Montana (H, S) • Nebraska • Nevada (A, S) • New Hampshire (H, S) • New Jersey (GA, S) • New Mexico (H, S) • New York (A, S) • North Carolina (H, S) • North Dakota (H, S) • Ohio (H, S) • Oklahoma (H, S) • Oregon (H, S) • Pennsylvania (H, S) • Rhode Island (H, S) • South Carolina (H, S) • South Dakota (H, S) • Tennessee (H, S) • Texas (H, S) • Utah (H, S) • Vermont (H, S) • Virginia (H, S) • Washington (H, S) • West Virginia (H, S) • Wisconsin (A, S) • Wyoming (H, S) Territorial legislatures: American Samoa (H, S) • District of Columbia • Guam • Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) • Puerto Rico (H, S) • U.S. Virgin Islands Local governments |
